Abstract
England has been the source of much of the legal history of the Western world. “Our English police system…rests on foundations designed with the full approval of the people, we know not how many hundreds of years before the Norman conquest, and has been slowly molded by the careful hand of experience, developing as a rule along the line of least resistance, now in advance of the general intelligence of the country, now lagging far behind, but always in the long run adjusting itself to the popular temper, always consistent with local self-government, and even at its worst, always English” (Lee, 1971, p. xxvii). The development of our common law system, like that of our modern police, is seated in the English traditions.
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Notes
- 1.
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- 2.
US Department of State. (2007, October). Ireland. Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3180.htm.
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US Central Intelligence Agency (2008, June 19). Ireland. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ei.html.
- 4.
McKittrick and McVea (2001, pp. 1–2).
- 5.
Smyth (2002, p. 110).
- 6.
Bruce (1992, pp. 67–88).
- 7.
BBC News: 1974: Bombs devastate Dublin and Monaghan. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/17/newsid_4311000/4311459.stm.
- 8.
Bruce (1992, p. 67).
- 9.
The Royal Ulster Constabulary: History – The B specials. http://www.royalulsterconstabulary.org/history3.htm.
- 10.
Bruce (1992, p. 86).
- 11.
O’Loan (2007); BBC News: NI police colluded with killers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/6286695.stm.
- 12.
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- 13.
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- 14.
UN: Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html.
- 15.
UN: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cpr.html.
- 16.
UN: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyEvent2001/pdf/08e.pdf.
- 17.
Macfarlane (1990, pp. 35–53).
- 18.
Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ireland (1998). http://www.nio.gov.uk/agreement.pdf.
- 19.
Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism: Country Reports on Terrorism. http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64342.htm#uk.
- 20.
Achievements in implementation of the Good Friday Agreement, July 14, 2001. http://www.nio.gov.uk/achievements_in_implementation_of_the_good_friday_agreement.pdf.
- 21.
Northern Ireland (St. Andrews Agreement) Act 2006, http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/transitional/info_office/Act.pdf.
- 22.
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- 23.
BBC News, 21 July attacks. “Four attempted bombings took place exactly two weeks after the deadly 7 July blasts.” http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/london_blasts/what_happened/html/21_07_05.stm.
- 24.
BBC News, 21/7 men were ‘dedicated’ bombers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6287842.stm.
- 25.
BBC News, Man admits 21 July bombing charge. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7087302.stm.
- 26.
For a more in-depth understanding of the July 7th and July 21st 2005 London bombings, see Lieberman & Cheloukhine (2009).
- 27.
BBC News, Police avert car bomb ‘carnage’. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6252276.stm; BBC News, Police hunting London car bombers. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6255452.stm.
- 28.
Telegraph, Second car bomb found in London’s West End, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/29/nbomb1029.xml.
- 29.
ABC News, Investigators: Scotland and London bomb attempts linked to same two men. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=3342018.
- 30.
Hoffman (1998, p. 18); Washington Post, Timeline: The bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/panam103/timeline.htm.
- 31.
CNN, Libya offers $2.7 billion Pan Am 103 settlement. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/28/libya.lockerbie.settlement/; US Dept of State press release, Libya – Pan Am 103. http://www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/23325.htm; UN SC press release 7868, Security Council Lifts Sanctions Imposed on Libya After Terrorist Bombings of Pan Am 103, UTA 772. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sc7868.doc.htm; NY Times, Libya Set to Take Responsibility for Pan Am Blast, Envoys Say. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E2D91E31F930A2575BC0A9659C8B63&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FP%2FPan%20Am%20Flight%20103.
- 32.
NY Times (1999, February 6th): 4 I.R.A. Gang members sentenced in killing of Irish detective. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05EEDD173BF935A35751C0A96F958260.
- 33.
BBC News (2005, January 7th): Police say IRA behind bank raid. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4154657.stm.
- 34.
Horgan and Taylor (1999).
- 35.
Interview by Dr. King of Sean O’Callahan, July, 2005.
- 36.
UK Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/defenceinternet/home.
- 37.
UK Ministry of Defence. About defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/Organisation/KeyFactsAboutDefence/DefenceOrganisation.htm.
- 38.
UK Home Office. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/.
- 39.
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The Law Reform Commission (1985). Report on offences under the Dublin police acts and related offences. http://www.lawreform.ie/publications/data/volume4/lrc_33.html.
- 41.
Clutterbuck (2006).
- 42.
On May 8, 1992 the lead responsibility for Irish republican terrorism shifted from MPS to MI5.
- 43.
- 44.
Metropolitan Police: Special operations – Counter terrorism command. http://www.met.police.uk/so/counter_terrorism.htm.
- 45.
Foreign and Commonwealth Office. http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/.
- 46.
Ibid.
- 47.
Global Opportunities Fund Annual Report 2005–2006. Counter-terrorism. http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/KFile/GOFARTerrorism0611clb.pdf.
- 48.
Secret Intelligence Service. http://www.sis.gov.uk/output/Page79.html.
- 49.
Government Communications Headquarters [GCHQ]. http://www.gchq.gov.uk/.
- 50.
Security Service – MI5: Protecting against terrorism. http://www.mi5.gov.uk/files/pdf/protecting.pdf.
- 51.
Clutterbuck (2006).
- 52.
MI5, Security Service. http://www.mi5.gov.uk/.
- 53.
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). http://www.intelligence.gov.uk/central_intelligence_machinery/joint_intelligence_committee.aspx.
- 54.
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). http://www.intelligence.gov.uk/central_intelligence_machinery/joint_intelligence_committee/jic_terms.aspx.
- 55.
MI5, Security Service. http://www.mi5.gov.uk/textonly/Page63.html; Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC). http://www.intelligence.gov.uk/agencies/jtac.aspx.
- 56.
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). http://www.intelligence.gov.uk/central_intelligence_machinery/joint_intelligence_committee.aspx.
- 57.
Police Service of Northern Ireland. http://www.psni.police.uk/.
- 58.
Department of Defence, Ireland. http://www.defence.ie/website.nsf/home+page?openform.
- 59.
Garda, http://www.garda.ie/home.html.
- 60.
Special Operations.com. Sciathan Fhiannoglaigh an Airm. The Irish Defence Forces Army Ranger Wing. http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Ireland/Rangers/default.htm.
- 61.
Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform. http://www.justice.ie/80256DFD00637EE0/vWeb/pcSSTY5UBER3-en.
- 62.
Garda, Special Detective Unit. http://www.garda.ie/sdu.html.
- 63.
Annual Report of An Garda Siochána (2006), p. 17. http://www.garda.ie/statistics/Report2006/annualreport2006.pdf.
- 64.
“[T]he new Counter Terrorism Command [SO15]… has taken over the roles and responsibilities of the Anti-Terrorist Branch [SO13] and Special Branch [SO12] and was launched on October 2, 2006.” http://www.met.police.uk/so/counter_terrorism.htm.
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Disclaimer
As a disclaimer, prior to the overview the countries that were visited and described based on the team’s impressions, it is important to note that the original purpose of this study was to gather impressions and attitudes and training materials that would allow the researchers to create and disseminate training modules for law enforcement agencies in both the US and the countries involved in the research study. Due to this objective, the team committed itself to protect the identities of the individuals who were interviewed, in addition to limiting identifiable details about the specific units and members of the community. The researchers are aware that the information presented here in the Field Research Sections is therefore a more generalized and sanitized version than the one the reader would like to see, but the final format of this report is not the one the team collected the data for.
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Haberfeld, M.R., King, J.F., Lieberman, C.A. (2009). The United Kingdom and Ireland. In: Terrorism Within Comparative International Context. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88861-3_4
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