Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Urban Ecology pp 699–713Cite as

Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance

Guidelines for ConservingWildlife in an Urban Landscape

  • Chapter

  • 17k Accesses

Abstract

The study of plants and animals on islands, both natural and artificial, has produced a body of generalizations immediately useful to land use planners concerned with minimizing the impacts of habitat destruction on the environment. A case study of 37 isolated chaparral fragments in San Diego, California, demonstrates the consequences of habitat fragmentation, including rapid and predictable extinctions of native birds in isolated canyons. This study and others can be used to generate planning guidelines for the prevention of such disappearances. Among the most important measures that can be taken are consolidation of open space set-asides and the provision of corridors linking habitat patches. Corridors can mitigate some of the negative effects of development on wildlife, especially where they facilitate the movement of large predators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Beissinger, S. R., and D. R. Osborne.1982. Effects of Urbanization on Avian Community Organization. Condor 84, 1: 75–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, J. G., and J. R. Karr.1984. Species Composition of Bird Communities and the Conservation Benefit of Large Versus Small Forests.Biological Conservation 30, 2: 173–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolger, D. T., A. C. Alberts, and M. E. Soulé. 1991. Rapid Extinction in Fragmented Habitat Produces Nested Species Subsets. Submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brittingham, M. C., and S. A. Temple.1983. Have Cowbirds Caused Forest Songbirds to Decline?BioScience 33, 1: 31–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. H. 1971. Mammals on Mountaintops: Non-equilibrium Insular Biogeography.American Naturalist 105, 945: 467–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. H., and A. Kodric-Brown. 1977. Turnover Rates in Insular Biogeography: Effect of Immigration on Extinction. Ecology 58, 2: 445–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conservation Biology. 1988. 2, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dearden, P. A. 1980. Soil and Land Use Planning. New York: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond. J. M. 1975. The Island Dilemma: Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Studies for the Design of Natural Reserves. Biological Conservation 7, 2: 129–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, J. M., K. D. Bishop, and S. van Balen. 1987. Bird Survival in an Isolated Javan Woodland: Island or Mirror? Conservation Biology 1, 2: 132–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne, T., and L. B. Leopold. 1978. Water in Environmental Planning. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsner, G. H., and R. C. Smadon, eds. 1979. Proceedings of Our National Landscape: A Conference on Applied Techniques for Analysis and Management of the Visual Resource. Report PSW-35. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emlen, J. T. 1974. An Urban Bird Community in Tueson, Arizona: Derivation, Structure, Regulation.Condor 76, 2: 184–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig, L., and G. Merriam. 1985. Habitat Patch Connectivity and Population Survival.Ecology 66, 6: 1762–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig, L., and J. Paloheimo. 1988. Effect of Spatial Arrangement of Habitat Patches on Local Population Size.Ecology 69, 2: 468–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forman, R. T. T., and M. Godron. 1986. Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, O. H., and M. E. Soulé. 1981. Conservation and Evolution. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilpin, M. E., and M. E. Soulé. 1986.Minimum Viable Populations: Process of Species Extinctions. In Conservation Biology: Science of Scarcity and Diversity, edited by M. E. Soulé. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, D. 1987. The Demography of Chance Extinction. InViable Populations for Conservation, edited by M. E. Soulé. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griggs, G. B., and J. A. Gilchrist. 1983. Geologic Hazards, Resources, and Environmental Planning. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L. D. 1988. The Nature of Cumulative Impacts on Biotic Diversity of Wetland Vertebrates. Environmental Management 12, 5: 675–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, L. D., and P. B. Gallagher. 1989. New Initiatives for Wildlife Conservation: The Need for Movement Corridors. In Preserving Communities and Corridors, edited by G. Mackintosh. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, R. W. 1984. Local Dynamics of Bird Assemblages in Small Forest Habitat Islands in Australia and North America. Ecology 65, 5: 1585–1601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karr, J. R. 1982. Avian Extinction on Barro Colorado Island, Panama: A Reassessment. American Naturalist 119, 2:220–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellert, S. R. 1980. American Attitudes Toward and Knowledge of Animals: An Update. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 1, 1: 87–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledig, F. T. 1986. Heterozygosity, Heterosis, and Fitness in Outbreeding Plants. In Conservation Biology: Science of Scarcity and Diversity, edited by M. E. Soulé, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J. F., and D. F. Whigham. 1984. Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Breeding Bird Communities in Maryland, USA. Biological Conservation 28, 4: 287–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, I. A. W., D. M. Graber, S. DeBenedetti, R. H. Groves, and E. R. Fuentes. 1988. Introduced Species in Nature Reserves in Mediterranean-type Climatic Regions of the World. Biological Conservation 44, 1 and 2: 37–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, J. R. 1977. Evaluation of Vegetation in Environmental Planning. Landscape Planning 4: 291–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHarg, I. 1971. Design with Nature. Garden City. NY: Doubleday/Natural History Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben, B. 1989. The End of Nature. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLellan, B. N., and D. M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly Bears and Resource Extraction Industries: Effects of Roads on Behavior, Habitat Use and Demography. Journal of Applied Ecology 25, 2: 451–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, W. D. 1987. A Land-Bridge Island Perspective on Mammalian Extinctions in Western North American Parks. Nature 325, 6103: 430–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noss, R. F. 1987. Corridors in Real Landscapes: A Reply to Simberloff and Cox. Conservation Biology 1, 2: 159–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, B. D. 1984.Mammalian Extinction and Biogeography in the Southern Rocky Mountains. In Extinctions, edited by M. H. Nitccki. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, B. D., and W. Atmar. 1986. Nested Subsets and the Structure of Insular Mammalian Faunas and Archipelagos. In Island Biogeography of Mammals, edited by L. R. Heaney and B. D. Patterson. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White, eds. 1985.The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimm, S. I., H. L. Jones, and J. Diamond. 1988. On the Risk of Extinction. American Naturalist 132, 6: 757–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raven, P., and D. Axlerod. 1978. Origin and Relationships of the California Flora. University of California Publications in Botany 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, M. L. 1983. Determining Minimum Population Size for the Grizzly Bear. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5: 133–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer,M.L. 1981. Minimum Population Sizes for Species Conservation. BioScience 31: 131–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoener, T. W. 1976. The Species-Area Relation Within Archipelagos: Models and Evidence from Island Land Birds. Proceedings of the 16th Ornithological Congress 1976: 629–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonewald-Cox, C. M., S. M. Chambers, F. MacBride and L. Thomas, eds. 1983. Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild Animal Populations. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff, D. and J. Cox. 1987. Consequences and Costs of Conservation Corridors. Conservation Biology 1, 1: 63–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E. 1990. The Onslaught of Alien Species, and Other Challenges in the Coming Decades. Conservation Biology 4, 3: 233–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E., ed. 1987. Viable Populations for Conservation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé,M.E.1986. Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E., D. T. Bolger, A. C. Alberts, R. Sauvajot, J. Wright, M. Sorice, and S. Hill. 1988. Reconstructed Dynamics of Rapid Extinctions of Chaparral-Requiring Birds in Urban Habitat Islands. Conservation Biology 2, 1: 75–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E., and M. E. Gilpin. 1991.The Theory of Wildlife Corridor Capability. In The Role of Corridors in Nature Conservation, edited by D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs. Sydney, Australia: Surrey Beatty. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E., and D. Simberloff. 1986. What Do Genetics and Ecology Tell Us about the Design of Nature Reserves? Biological Conservation 35, 1: 19–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E., B. A. Wilcox, and Claire Holtby. 1979. Benign Neglect: A Model of Faunal Collapse in the Game Reserves of East Africa. Biological Conservation 15, 4: 260–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E., and B. A. Wilcox, eds. 1980. Conservation Biology: An Ecological-Evolutionary Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh, J. 1989. Where Have All the Birds Gone? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh,J. 1988. The Big Things that Run the World—A Sequel to E.O. Wilson. Conservation Biology 2, 4: 402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh, J., and B. G. Winter. 1980.Some Causes of Extinction. In Conservation Biology: An Ecological-Evolutionary Perspective, edited by M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20: 171–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westman, W. E. 1987. Implications of Ecological Theory for Rare Plant Conservation in Coastal Sage Scrub. In Conservation and Management of Rare and Endangered Plants, edited by T. S. Elias. Sacramento, CA: California Native Plant Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westman, W. E., J. F. O’Leary, and G. P. Malanson. 1981.The Effects of Fire Intensity. Aspect and Substrate on Post-Fire Growth of California Sage Scrub. In Components of Productivity of Mediterranean-Climate Regions: Basic and Applied Aspects. edited by N. S. Margaris and H. A. Mooney. The Hague, Netherlands: W. Junk.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcove, D. S., C. H. McLellan and A. P. Dobson. 1986. Habitat Fragmentation in the Temperate Zone. In Conservation Biology: Science of Scarcity and Diversity, edited by M. E. Soulé. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

    Michael E. Soulé

Authors
  1. Michael E. Soulé
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195

    John M. Marzluff , Gordon Bradley  & Clare Ryan ,  & 

  2. University of Washington, 3912 NE 127th Street, Seattle, WA 98125

    Eric Shulenberger

  3. Geographisches Institute, Humboldt University Unter den Linden, 10099 Berlin, Germany

    Wilfried Endlicher

  4. University of Washington, Box 355740, Seattle, WA 98195

    Marina Alberti

  5. Humboldt University Miningstrasse 46, 12359 Berlin, Germany

    Ute Simon

  6. University of Washington, Box 355740, Seattle, WA 98195

    Craig ZumBrunnen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Soulé, M.E. (2008). Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance. In: Marzluff, J.M., et al. Urban Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_46

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation