Introduction
With the global expansion of English as an international language (see Block, Language Education and Globalization, Volume 1), another expansion is taking place, that of teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL). In terms of the numbers of both students and teachers, EFL may well be the most widespread form of teaching and learning English because it embraces all those cases where English is taught and learned outside the inner circle countries where it is an ordinary means of communication and taught as a second language (Kachru and Nelson, 1996).
EFL is taught in both outer circle countries such as India where English has a long history of institutionalized functions, and in expanding circle countries such as China where it is widely studied for specific purposes (Kachru and Nelson, 1996).
In both of these latter kinds of contexts, the demand for EFL teaching is ever growing. The expansion of EFL raises two questions: (i) what are the differences between...
References
Adjemian, C.: 1983, ‘The transferability of lexical properties’, in S. Gass and L. Selinker (eds.), Language Transfer in Language Learning, Newbury House, Rowley, MA, 250–268.
Auerbach, E.R.: 1993, ‘Reexamining English only in the ESL classroom’, TESOL Quarterly 27, 9–32.
Berns, M.: 1990a, Contexts of Competence: Social and Cultural Considerations in Communicative Language Teaching, Plenum Press, New York and London.
Berns, M.: 1990b, ‘ “Second” and “foreign” language in second language acquisition/foreign language learning: a sociolinguistic perspective’, in B. VanPatten and J.F. Lee (eds.), Second Language Acquisition/Foreign Language Learning, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, Philadelphia, 3–11.
Bley‐Vroman, R.: 1990, ‘The logical problem of foreign language learning’, Linguistic Analysis 20, 3–49.
Canagarajah, A.S.: 1999, Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Canagarajah, A.S.: 2006, ‘TESOL at forty: What are the issues?’, TESOL Quarterly 40, 9–34.
Chick, K.J.: 1996, ‘Intercultural communication’, in S.L. McKay and N.H. Hornberger (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 449–473.
Cook, V.: 1999, ‘Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching’, TESOL Quarterly 33, 185–209.
Council of Europe: 2001, Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching and Assessment, Strasbourg.
Deignan, A., Gabrys, D., and Solska, A.: 1997, ‘Teaching English metaphors using cross‐linguistic awareness‐raising activities’, ELT Journal 51/4, 352–360.
Doughty, C.: 1991, ‘Second language instruction does make a difference: Evidence from an empirical study of SL realization’, Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13, 431–469.
Ellis, E.M.: 2006, ‘Language learning experience as a contributor to ESOL teacher cognition’, TESL‐EJ 10/1. Retrieved from the Internet at http://tesl‐ej.org/ej37/a3.html as of August 21, 2006, 1–28.
Herron, C. and Tomasello, M.: 1992, ‘Acquiring grammatical structures by guided induction’, The French Review 65, 708–718.
Hornberger, N.: 1996, ‘Language and education’, in S.L. McKay and N.H. Hornberger (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 449–473.
Howatt, A.P.R., with Widdowson, H.G.: 2004, A of History of English Language Teaching (second edition), Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hymes, D.: 1986, ‘Models of the interaction of language and social life’, in J.J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication, Basil Blackwell Ltd., Oxford.
Jenkins, J.: 2000, The Phonology of English as an International Language, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Jenkins, J.: 2004, ‘ELF at the gate: The position of English as a Lingua Franca’, The European English Messenger 13.2, 63–69.
Kachru, B.B.: 1986, The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non‐Native Englishes, Pergamon Institute of English, Oxford.
Kachru, B.B. and Nelson, C.L.: 1996, ‘World Englishes’, in S.L. McKay and N.H. Hornberger (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 71–102.
Kramsch, C.J.: 1990, ‘What is a foreign language learning research’, in B. VanPatten and J.F. Lee (eds.), Second Language Acquisition/Foreign Language Learning, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, Philadelphia, 185–197, 27–33.
Krashen, S.D.: 1982, Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Krashen, S.D.: 1985, The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications, Longman Group Ltd., New York.
Kubota, M.: 2004, ‘Native speaker: A unitary fantasy of a diverse reality’, The Language Teacher 28(1), 3–10.
McGroarty, M.: 1996, ‘Language, attitudes, motivation, and standards’, in S.L. McKay and N.H. Hornberger (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 3–46.
McKay, S.L.: 2002, Teaching English as an International Language: Rethinking Goals and Approaches, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Medgyes, P.: 1983, ‘The schizophrenic teacher’, ELT Journal 37(1), 2–6.
Nayar, P.B.: 1997, ‘ESL/EFL dichotomy today: Language politics or pragmatics?’, TESOL Quarterly 31, 9–37.
O'Dwyer, L.M.: 1996, ‘Putting the T in TESOL’, TESOL Matters 6(2), 21.
Paulston, C.B.: 1992, Linguistic and Communicative Competence: Topics in ESL, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon.
Phillipson, R.: 1992, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Rampton, M.B.H.: 1990, ‘Displacing the “Native speaker”: Expertise, affiliation and inheritance’, ELT Journal, 44(2), 97–101.
Savignon, S.J.: 1990, ‘In second language acquisition/foreign language learning, nothing is more practical than a good theory’, in B. VanPatten and J.F. Lee (eds.), Second Language Acquisition/Foreign Language Learning, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, Philadelphia, 185–197.
Schweers, C.W.: 1997, ‘Language transfer. What Do We Know?’, TESOL Matters 7(5), 10.
Seliger, H.: 1988, ‘Psycholinguistic issues in second language acquisition’, in L.M. Beebe (ed.), Issues in Second Language Acquisition, Newbury House Publishers, New York, 17–40.
Stern, H.H.: 1992, Issues and Options in Language Teaching, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Tang, C.: 1997, ‘On the power and status of nonnative ESL teacher’, TESOL Quarterly 31, 557–580.
Tarnopolsky, O.: 2000, ‘EFL teaching and EFL teachers in the global expansion of English’, Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 16/2, 25–42.
Tarnopolsky, O. and Sklyarenko, N.: 2003, Lifestyle Communicative Behavioral Patterns in the USA, INKOS, Kyiv.
Towell, R. and Hawkins, R.: 1994, Approaches to Second Language Acquisition, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, Philadelphia, Adelaide.
Van Patten, B.: 1990, ‘Theory and research in second language acquisition and foreign language learning: On producers and consumers’, in B. VanPatten and J.F. Lee (eds.), Second Language Acquisition/Foreign Language Learning, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, Philadelphia, 17–26.
Van Patten, B. and Cadierno, T.: 1993, ‘Input processing and second language acquisition: A role for instruction’, The Modern Language Journal 77, 45–57.
Walsh, T.M. and Diller, K.C.: 1981, ‘Neurolinguistic considerations on the optimum age in for second language learning’, in K.C. Diller (ed.), Individual Differences and Universals in Language Learning Aptitude, Newbury House Publishers, Rowley, MA.
Widdowson, H.G.: 1994, ‘The ownership of English’, TESOL Quarterly 28, 377–389.
Wildner‐Bassett, M.E.: 1990, ‘Coexisting discourse worlds: The development of pragmatic competence inside and outside the classroom’, in B. VanPatten and J.F. Lee (eds.), Second Language Acquisition/Foreign Language Learning, Multilingual Matters Ltd., Clevedon, Philadelphia, 140–152.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Tarnopolsky, O. (2008). Nonnative Speaking Teachers of English as a Foreign Language. In: Hornberger, N.H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Language and Education. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_107
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_107
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-32875-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-30424-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law