Abstract
Gram-positive organisms, including the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis, have dynamic cell envelopes that mediate interactions with the environment and serve as the first line of defense against toxic molecules. Major components of the cell envelope include peptidoglycan (PG), which is a well-established target for antibiotics, teichoic acids (TAs), capsular polysaccharides (CPS), surface proteins, and phospholipids. These components can undergo modification to promote pathogenesis, decrease susceptibility to antibiotics and host immune defenses, and enhance survival in hostile environments. This chapter will cover the structure, biosynthesis, and important functions of major cell envelope components in gram-positive bacteria. Possible targets for new antimicrobials will be noted.
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Abbreviations
- PG:
-
Peptidoglycan
- MRSA:
-
Methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- GlcNAc:
-
N-acetylglucosamine
- GalNAc:
-
N-acetylgalactosamine
- MurNAc:
-
N-acetlymuramic acid
- PBP:
-
Penicillin-binding protein
- PGT:
-
Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase
- Und-P:
-
Undecaprenyl phosphate
- TA:
-
Teichoic acid
- WTA:
-
Wall teichoic acid
- LTA:
-
Lipoteichoic acid
- CPS:
-
Capsular polysaccharides
- PIA:
-
Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin
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Suzanne Walker is supported by funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R01AI099144 and P01AI083214.
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Rajagopal, M., Walker, S. (2015). Envelope Structures of Gram-Positive Bacteria. In: Bagnoli, F., Rappuoli, R. (eds) Protein and Sugar Export and Assembly in Gram-positive Bacteria . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 404. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2015_5021
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