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Wastewater Use in Agriculture and Relevance of Micropollutants in North African Countries

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Wastewater Reuse and Current Challenges

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC,volume 44))

Abstract

Irrigation is the largest practice of water reuse worldwide. In North African countries, both formal and informal uses of wastewater were practiced for a long time thus exposing users and consumers to microbiological and chemical health risks. Negative environmental impacts are also of concern because secondary biological treatment is not effective in removing ubiquitous and persistent contaminants like some emerging micropollutants. Based on research findings during the last decades, the presence of micropollutants in reclaimed water has gained interest in developed countries, and the release of some of them into water bodies has been regulated. In North African countries, in view of the prevailing quality of reclaimed water and its current usage for growing crops, the occurrence of such contaminants has recently raised concern with an increasing number of research works and publications. However, it remains challenging to identify, quantify, and prioritize the most relevant to be regulated. This paper aims at shedding light on the usage of reclaimed water for irrigation in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia while pinpointing the potential sources of micropollutants in wastewater. It discusses the extent to which some micropollutants could be relevant and challenging to public health and environmental quality.

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Abbreviations

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

DDD:

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane

DDE:

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

DDT:

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

E1:

Estrone

E2:

17β-estradiol

E3:

Estriol

EC:

Electrical conductivity

EE2:

17α-ethinylestradiol

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization

HCB:

Hexachlorobenzene

HCH:

Hexachlorocyclohexane

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PPCP:

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products

TDS:

Total dissolved solids

US EPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

WFD:

Water Framework Directive

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Research Institute for Rural Engineering, Water, and Forestry (INRGREF), 10, Ariana, Tunisia

    Olfa Mahjoub

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  1. Olfa Mahjoub
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Correspondence to Olfa Mahjoub .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Despo Fatta-Kassinos

  2. Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Dionysios D. Dionysiou

  3. Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Niedersachsen, Germany

    Klaus Kümmerer

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Mahjoub, O. (2015). Wastewater Use in Agriculture and Relevance of Micropollutants in North African Countries. In: Fatta-Kassinos, D., Dionysiou, D., Kümmerer, K. (eds) Wastewater Reuse and Current Challenges . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 44. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2015_337

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