The evolution of modern types of coral reefs started early in the Mesozoic Era, when the rootstocks of living hermatypic corals, hydrozoans, crustose algae, sponges, and other reef-forming organisms first appeared. During the Triassic and Jurassic Periods, 136–225 m yr ago, these reef-associated organisms evolved rapidly; radiated into most of the major ecological niches that they occupy today; and, by the end of the Triassic, combined to form extensive “barrier” reefs (aligned bioherms), isolated bioherms, and patch reefs of modern proportions. These were reefs of great ecological complexity, composed of diverse organisms and zoned into distinct communities. In all probability, the complex symbiotic relationships between hermatypic corals (especially Thamnasteroids, Microsalenids, Latomeandroids, Synastreids, and Amphastreids) and intracellular zooxanthellae had formed by Jurassic time. All evidence indicates that reef communities dominated by hermatypic corals, hydrozoans, and...
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Kauffman, E.G., Sohl, N.F. (1979). Rudists . In: Paleontology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31078-9_123
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