Abstract
Graphene, a new member of the carbon family, has attracted enormous attention due to its very peculiar properties like high surface area, mechanical strength, and conductivity. Moreover, graphene is exceptionally biocompatible if used as a substrate for immobilization of enzymes, bioreceptor molecules, or whole cells. Although it was isolated on a mass scale quite recently (in 2004), its use as a signal enhancing material in chemo- and biosensors has already seen a rapid growth. The aim of the present review is to bring out important advances of graphene-based sensing and, particularly, those related to rapid detection and quantization of the toxin, explosive, pesticide, pathogen, and microbe analytes. These analytes are important hazardous determinants of a safe living environment. This chapter therefore summarizes selected key strategies developed toward devising sensing systems with graphene and derivatives of graphene to detect and determine these hazards to safe living.
Keywords
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- Ab1 :
-
Primary antibody
- Ab2 :
-
Secondary antibody
- AChE:
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- Anti-IgG:
-
Anti-immunoglobulin-G
- ASV:
-
Adsorptive stripping voltammetry
- ATCl:
-
Acetylthiocholine chloride
- AuNP:
-
Gold nanoparticle
- CEA:
-
Carcinoembryonic antigen
- cfu:
-
Colony-forming unit
- chemFET:
-
Chemical field-effect transistor
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotube
- CPBA:
-
3-Carboxyphenylboronic acid
- CR-GO:
-
Chemically reduced graphene oxide
- CVD:
-
Chemical vapor deposition
- DA:
-
Dopamine
- dc:
-
Direct current
- DMMP:
-
Dimethylmethyl phosphonate
- DPV:
-
Differential pulse voltammetry
- EDC:
-
N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide
- EGFR:
-
Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER-GO:
-
Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide
- FCA:
-
Ferrocenecarboxylic acid
- FET:
-
Field-effect transistor
- GBP:
-
Gold binding polypeptide
- GCE:
-
Glassy carbon electrode
- GFET:
-
Graphene field-effect transistor
- GO:
-
Graphene oxide
- HER2:
-
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HOPG:
-
Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite
- IgG:
-
Immunoglobulin
- IL:
-
Ionic liquid
- LbL:
-
Layer-by-layer
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LSV:
-
Linear scan voltammetry
- MC-LR:
-
Microcystin-LR
- MWCNT:
-
Multi-wall carbon nanotube
- NG:
-
Nitrogen doped graphene
- NHS:
-
N-Hydroxysuccinimide
- NP:
-
Nanoparticle
- OP:
-
Organophosphate
- OPH:
-
Organophosphorus hydrolase
- OPP:
-
Organophosphorus pesticide
- PB:
-
Prussian blue
- PDDA:
-
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)
- PSA:
-
Prostate specific antigen
- PSS:
-
Polystyrene sulfonate
- PtNP:
-
Platinum nanoparticle
- RSH:
-
Thiocholine
- RS-SR:
-
Thiocholine(ox) (dimeric)
- SAM:
-
Self-assembled monolayer
- SRB:
-
Sulfur reducing bacteria
- SWCNT:
-
Single-wall carbon nanotube
- SWV:
-
Square wave voltammetry
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron spectroscopy
- TNT:
-
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
- TR-GO:
-
Thermally reduced graphene oxide
- β-CD:
-
β-Cyclodextrin
- E :
-
Electrode potential
- I :
-
Current
- I ds :
-
Drain-source current
- V ds :
-
Drain-source voltage
- V g :
-
Solution-gate voltage
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Acknowledgements
PSS and WK thank the European Regional Development Fund (Project ERDF (POIG.01.01.02-00-008/08 2007–2013)). The work of WK was partially realized within the International PhD projects Program of the Foundation for Polish Science (MPD/2009/1/styp19) co-financed from European Regional Development Fund within Innovative Economy Operational Program “Grant for innovation”. FD thanks the US National Science Foundation for their financial support.
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Sharma, P.S., D’Souza, F., Kutner, W. (2013). Graphene and Graphene Oxide Materials for Chemo- and Biosensing of Chemical and Biochemical Hazards. In: Marcaccio, M., Paolucci, F. (eds) Making and Exploiting Fullerenes, Graphene, and Carbon Nanotubes. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 348. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/128_2013_448
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