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Sustainable Production of Pigments from Cyanobacteria

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Cyanobacteria in Biotechnology

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 183))

Abstract

Pigments are intensely coloured compounds used in many industries to colour other materials. The demand for naturally synthesised pigments is increasing and their production can be incorporated into circular bioeconomy approaches. Natural pigments are produced by bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, plants and animals. There is a huge unexplored biodiversity of prokaryotic cyanobacteria which are microscopic phototrophic microorganisms that have the ability to capture solar energy and CO2 and use it to synthesise a diverse range of sugars, lipids, amino acids and biochemicals including pigments. This makes them attractive for the sustainable production of a wide range of high-value products including industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and animal-feed supplements. The advantages of cyanobacteria production platforms include comparatively high growth rates, their ability to use freshwater, seawater or brackish water and the ability to cultivate them on non-arable land. The pigments derived from cyanobacteria and microalgae include chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins that have useful properties for advanced technical and commercial products. Development and optimisation of strain-specific pigment-based cultivation strategies support the development of economically feasible pigment biorefinery scenarios with enhanced pigment yields, quality and price. Thus, this chapter discusses the origin, properties, strain selection, production techniques and market opportunities of cyanobacterial pigments.

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Abbreviations

ASE:

Accelerated solvent extraction

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BDW:

Biomass dry weight

CAGR:

Compound annual growth rate

Chl:

Chlorophyll

Cytb6:

Cytochrome b6

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

ETC:

Electron transport chain

Fd:

Ferredoxin

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FNR:

Ferredoxin NADP+ reductase

FRP:

Fluorescence recovery protein

HPH:

High-pressure homogenisation

HRP:

High-rate pond

LCA:

Life-cycle assessment

LCM:

Linker (protein) core membrane

MEP:

Methylerythritol phosphate

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NPQ:

Non-photochemical quenching

OCP:

Orange carotenoid protein

PAR:

Photosynthetically active radiation

PBP:

Phycobiliproteins

PBR:

Photobioreactor

PC:

Phycocyanin

PCB:

Phycocyanobilin

PE:

Phycoerythrin

PEB:

Phycoerythrobilin

PEF:

Pulsed-electric field

PLE:

Pressurised liquid extraction

PQ:

Plastoquinone

PS:

Photosystem

PUB:

Phycourobilin

PVB:

Phycoviolobilin

RC:

Reaction centre

SCCO2:

Super critical carbon dioxide

TEA:

Techno-economic assessment

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Acknowledgements

CD, JW, IR, JR and BH thank the Australian Research Council LP180100269 and The University of Queensland, Australia (International Research Scholarship) for financial support.

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    Charu Deepika, Juliane Wolf, John Roles, Ian Ross & Ben Hankamer

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Deepika, C., Wolf, J., Roles, J., Ross, I., Hankamer, B. (2022). Sustainable Production of Pigments from Cyanobacteria. In: Bühler, K., Lindberg, P. (eds) Cyanobacteria in Biotechnology. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 183. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2022_211

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