Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

  • 1249 Accesses

Abstract

Nearly 100 years ago, W.E.B. Du Bois declared, “The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line” (Du Bois, 1903, p. 283). Many observers of American race relations would charge that the color line persists as a problem in the 21st century as well. In what ways, if any, does religious belief and belonging affect the American color line? Does religion institutionalize racial difference and reinforce stratification? Or does it subvert racial hierarchies and destabilize white privilege?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, L. D., II. (2000). Promise Keepers and racism: Frame resonance as an indicator of organizational vitality. Sociology of Religion, 61, 55–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right wing authoritarianism. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right wing authoritarianism. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altemeyer, B., & Hunsburger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barkun, M. (1994). Religion and the racist right. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, J. P. (1998). Claims-making and typifications of voodoo as a deviant religion: Hex, lies, and videotape. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 559–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, J. P. (2000). Breaking walls, raising fences: masculinity, intimacy, and accountability among the Promise Keepers. Sociology of Religion, 61, 33–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, J. P. (2002). Godly masculinities: Competing discourses of evangelical manhood among the Promise Keepers. Journal of Social Thought and Research, 24, 53–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, J. P. (2004). The Promise Keepers: Servants, soldiers, and godly men. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, J. P., & Read, J. G. (2003). Veiled submission: Gender negotiation among evangelical and U.S. Muslim women. Qualitative Sociology, 26, 71–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski, J. P., & Regis, H. A. (2003). Charitable choices: Religion, race, and poverty in the post-welfare era. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyerlein, K., & Chaves, M. (2003). The political activities of religious congregations in the United States. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 229–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billingsley, A. (1999). Mighty like a river: The Black church and social reform. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, H. K. (1999). Poverty and prayer: Spiritual narratives of elderly African-American women. Review of Religious Research, 40, 359–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. McC. (1991). Mama Lola: A vodou priestess in Brooklyn. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, N., Schlozman, K. L., & Verba, S. (2001). The private roots of public action: Gender, equality, and political participation. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun-Brown, A. (1998). While marching to Zion: Otherworldliness and racial empowerment in the Black community. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 427–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun-Brown, A. (1999). “The image of God: Black theology and racial empowerment in the African American community.” Review of Religious Research, 40, 197–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cammisa, Anne Marie. 1998. Fromrhetoric to reform? Welfare policy in American politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavendish, J. C., Welch, M. R., & Leege, D. C. (1998). Social network theory and predictors of religiosity for Black and White Catholics: Evidence of a “Black sacred cosmos”? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 397–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaves, M., & Higgins, L. M. (1992). Comparing the community involvement of Black and White congregations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 425–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christerson, B., & Emerson, M. (2003). The costs of diversity in religious organizations: An in-depth case study. Sociology of Religion, 64, 163–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, E. E., IV. (2002). Islam in Black America: Identity, liberation, and difference in African-American Islamic thought. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C., O.S.B. (1990). The history of Black Catholics in the United States. New York: Crossroad.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCaro, L. A., Jr. (1998). Malcolm and the cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York and London: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deck, A. F. (1994). The challenge of Evangelical/Pentecostal Christianity to Hispanic Catholicism. In J. P. Dolan & A. F. Deck (Eds.), Hispanic Catholic Culture in the U.S. (pp. 409–439). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobratz, B. A. (2001). The role of religion in the collective identity of the White racialist movement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 287–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, K. D. (2003). How monochromatic is church membership? Racial-ethnic diversity in religious community. Sociology of Religion, 64, 65–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W.E.B. (1903). The souls of Black folks. Chicago: A.C. McClurg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drevenstedt, G. L. (1998). Race and ethnic differences in the effects of religious attendance on subjective health. Review of Religious Research, 39, 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebaugh, H. R., & Chafetz, J. S. (2000). Religion and the newimmigrants: Continuities and adaptations in immigrant congregations. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. G., & Taylor, R. J. (1996). Turning to prayer: Social and situational antecedents of religious coping among African Americans. Review of Religious Research, 38, 111–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. G., & Sherkat, D. E. (1990). Patterns of religious mobility among Black Americans. Sociological Quarterly, 31, 551–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. G., & Sherkat, D. E. (1995). “The’ semi-involuntary institution’ revisited: Regional variations in church participation among Black Americans.” Social Forces 73, 1415–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C. G., & Sherkat, D. E. (1999). Identifying the semi-involuntary institution: A clarification. Social Forces, 78, 793–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, M. O., & Kim, K. C. (2003). Multiracial congregations: An analysis of their development and a typology. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 217–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, M. O., & Smith, C. (2000). Divided by faith: Evangelical religion and the problem of race in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, M. O., Smith, C., & Sikkink, D. (1999). Equal in Christ, but not in the world: White conservative Protestants and explanations of Black-White inequality. Social Problems, 46, 398–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, K. F., & Koch, J. R. (1994). Religion and health among Black and White adults: Examining social support and consolation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33, 362–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, S. K. (2003). Evangelical identity and gendered family life. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greeley, A. M. (1994). The demography of American Catholics: 1965–1990. In The Sociology of Andrew Greeley (pp. 545–564). Atlanta: Scholars Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadaway, C. K., Marler, P. L., & Chaves, M. (1993). What the polls don’t show: A closer look at U.S. church attendance. American Sociological Review, 58, 741–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, F. C. (1999). Something within: Religion in African-American political activism. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunsburger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest and right wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 113–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsburger, B. (1996). Religious fundamentalism, right wing authoritarianism, and hostility in non-Christian religious groups. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6, 39–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, L. L. (1999). Hispanic Protestantism in the United States: Trends by decade and generation. Social Forces, 77, 1601–1623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, L. L., & Hunt, M. O. (1999). Regional patterns of African American church attendance: Revisiting the semi-voluntary thesis. Social Forces, 78, 779–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, L. L., & Hunt, M. O. (2001). Race, region, and religious involvement: A comparative study of Whites and African Americans. Social Forces, 80, 605–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, K. E. (2003). Intimate diversity: The Presentation of multiculturalism and multiracialism in a highboundary religious movement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 393–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalmijn, M. (1998). Intermarriage and homogamy: Causes, patterns, trends. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 395–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N. (2002). Exploring race differences in a comprehensive battery of church-based social support measures. Review of Religious Research, 44, 126–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N. (2003). Exploring race differences in the relationship between social interaction with the clergy and feelings of self-worth in late life. Sociology of Religion, 64, 183–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladson-Billings, G. (2000). Racialized discourses and ethnic epistemologies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 257–277). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laythe, B., Finkel, D., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2001). Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism: A multiple-regression approach. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laythe, B., Finkel, D. G., Bringle, R. G., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice: A two-component model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 623–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. (2003). The church of faith and freedom: African-American Baptists and social action. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, C. E. (1999). Race, religion, and the continuing American dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln, C. E., & Mumiya, L. H. (1990). The Black church in the African-American experience. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, C. (1997). God’s long summer: Stories of faith and civil rights. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. (1990). Tongues of fire: The explosion of Protestantism in Latin America. Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, A. L. (2003). All Abraham’s children: Changing Mormon conceptions of race and lineage. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D. (1982). Political process and the development of Black insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, E. (2003). Black clergy in the 2000 election. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 533–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McRoberts, O. M. (2003). Streets of glory: Church and community in a Black urban neighborhood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. D. (1984). The origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black communities organizing for change. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. Z., & Reimer, S. H. (2002). Revisiting the social sources of American Christianity 1972–1998. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 733–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pattillo-McCoy, M. (1998). Church culture as a strategy of action in the Black community. American Sociological Review, 63, 767–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poindexter, C. C., Linsk, N. L., & Warner, R. S. (1999). “He listens... and never gossips”: Spiritual coping without church support among older, predominantly African-American caregivers of persons with HIV. Review of Religious Research, 40, 230–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyle, R. E., & Davidson, J. D. (2003). The origins of religious stratification in colonial America. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 57–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, J. G., & Bartkowski, J. P. (2000). To veil or not to veil? A case study of identity negotiation among Muslim women in Austin, Texas. Gender & Society, 14, 395–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roof, W. C. (1993). A generation of seekers: The spiritual journeys of the baby boom generation. San Francisco, CA: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shattuck, G. H., Jr. (2000). Episcopalians and race: Civil war to civil rights. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherkat, D. E. (2002). African-American religious affiliation in the late 20th century: Cohort variations and patterns of switching, 1973–1998. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 485–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherkat, D. E., & Cunningham, S. A. (1998). Extending the semi-involuntary institution: Regional differences and social constraints on private religious consumption among African Americans. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 383–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherkat, D. E., & Ellison, C. G. (1999). Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 363–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., Gallagher, S., Emerson, M., Kennedy, P., & Sikkink, D. (1998). American evangelicalism: Embattled and thriving. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. (2000). Christian America? What evangelicals really want. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. I. (1999). Islam in America. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W. (1999). The religious right and anti-Semitism. Review of Religious Research, 40, 244–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, R., & Finke, R. (2000). Acts of faith: Explaining the human side of religion. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steensland, B., Park, J. Z., Regnerus, M. D., Robinson, L. D., Wilcox, W. B., & Woodberry, R. D. (2000). The measure of American religion: Toward improving the state of the art. Social Forces, 79, 291–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, D. (1990). Is Latin America turning Protestant? University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sylvest, E. E., Jr. (1990). Hispanic American Protestantism in the United States. In M. Sandoval (Ed.), On the move: A history of the Hispanic Church in the United States (115–130). Orbis Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. J., Chatters, L. M., Jayakody, R., & Levin, J. S. (1996). Black and White differences in religious participation: A multisample comparison. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35, 403–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsitsos, W. (2003). Race differences in congregational social service activity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42, 205–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. B. (1997). Islam in the African-American experience. Bloomington and Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verweij, J., Ester, P., & Nauta, R. (1997). Secularization as an economic and cultural phenomenon:Across-national analysis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 309–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walton, H. (1985). Invisible politics: Black political power. Albany: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. S. (1997). Religion, boundaries, and bridges. Sociology of Religion, 58, 217–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, R. S., & Wittner, J. G. (1998). Gatherings in diaspora: Religious communities and the new immigration. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, O. K., Jr., & White, D. (1995). Integrating religious and racial identities: An analysis of LDS African American explanations of the priesthood ban. Review of Religious Research, 36, 295–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, O. K., Jr., & White, D. (2000). Negotiating cultural and social contradictions: Interracial dating and marriage among African American Mormons. Virginia Social Science Journal, 35, 85–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, C. (1990). Religious sources of politicization among blacks in Washington, D.C. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 387–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, C., & Gomez, L. (1990). Religion, group identification, and politics among American Blacks. Sociological Analysis, 51, 271–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, R. L. (2002). Faith in action: Religion, race, and democratic organizing in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthnow, R. (1993). The future of Christianity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthnow, R. (2002). Religious involvement and Status-bridging social capital. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 669–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wylie, L., & Forest, J. (1992). Religious fundamentalism, right wing authoritarianism and prejudice. Psychological Reports, 71, 1291–1298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, F. (1999). Chinese Christians in America: Conversion, assimilation, and adhesive identities. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman, P. (2000). Introduction. In P. Zuckerman (Ed.), Du Bois on Religion (pp. 1–18). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bartkowski, J.P., Matthews, T.L. (2006). Race/Ethnicity. In: Ebaugh, H.R. (eds) Handbook of Religion and Social Institutions. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23789-5_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics