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Genetic and morphological evidence of hybridization between Nematalosa japonica and N. come (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) off Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

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Abstract

Two morphologically similar species of gizzard shad, Nematalosa japonica Regan and N. come (Richardson), sympatrically distributed off Okinawa Island, Japan, were examined using an allozyme locus (SOD*) and two nuclear polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA markers (ITS-1 and CaM), which provided diagnostic identification of each species. In addition, a multiplex PCR-based mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker (16S) was used to characterize the distribution of mtDNA haplotypes among specimens. The species composition of sympatric and allopatric population samples from Tungkang, southern Taiwan, to Okinawa and the Shikoku Islands, Japan, were also examined. Gizzard shad with hybrid genotypes were detected in three populations from Okinawa Island, with hybrid frequency ranging from 1 to 67%. A backcross level of 2% was detected in the dominant hybrid frequencies of one population sample only. Morphological examination of hybrids showed intermediate forms, with hybrid indices of three meristic characters falling between those of the parental species (range 39–53; mean 45). Although principal component analysis showed differences between N. japonica and N. come based on the first principal component scores, hybrids were difficult to identify. Accordingly, satisfactory identification of species and hybrids could be achieved only using genetic tools. We also discuss the cause of hybridization and its relationship with recently conducted reclamation on Okinawa Island.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank K. Nakazato (Urasoe-Ginowan Fisheries Cooperative Association), H. Nagano (Kochi City Fisheries Cooperative Association), S. Tohyama (Okinawa City Fisheries Cooperative Association), Z. Kohatsu (Sashiki-Nakagusuku Fisheries Cooperative Association), and I. Irei (Haneji Fisheries Cooperative Association) for help with sample collection and Prof. K.-T. Shao (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) for advice on sampling in Taiwan. The authors also thank M. Uehara, T. Shimose, H. Ishimori, M. Aoki, and S. Kondo (Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus) for assistance in collecting fish and the genetic analysis. This study was partly supported by grants from the Transdisciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus and the 21st Century COE program of the University of the Ryukyus from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan.

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  1. Fumi Kashiwagi

    Present address: Marketing Division, Uoichi Co., Ltd, Osaka, Osaka, 553-8555, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan

    Hideyuki Imai, Fumi Kashiwagi, Katsunori Tachihara & Tetsuo Yoshino

  2. Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, Pingtung, 928, Taiwan

    Jin-Hua Cheng & Tzyy-Ing Chen

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  1. Hideyuki Imai
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Correspondence to Hideyuki Imai.

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Imai, H., Kashiwagi, F., Cheng, JH. et al. Genetic and morphological evidence of hybridization between Nematalosa japonica and N. come (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) off Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Fish Sci 75, 343–350 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-008-0043-3

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