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Taxonomy and distribution of Didiscus and Myrmekioderma (Demospongiae: Axinellida) off the mouths of the two largest rivers in Brazil, with description of four new species

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Abstract

Didiscus Dendy, 1922 and Myrmekioderma Ehlers, 1870 are closely related genera of axinellid sponges, distinguished mainly by the presence of didiscorhabd microscleres in Didiscus and of trichodragmata in Myrmekioderma. Their family-level classification, however, is highly controversial, in part because their specific and morphological diversities are still poorly known. Here, we redescribed Didiscus oxeatus Hechtel, 1983 based on new specimens and revision of the holotype, described two new species of Didiscus and two new species of Myrmekioderma from off the Amazon and São Francisco river mouths in Northern and Northeastern Brazil. These two areas in the Tropical Atlantic (TA) are still understudied, especially when considering their high environmental and economic importance. We observed for the first time the presence of tylostyles in the holotype of D. oxeatus, as well as in the new specimens from Sergipe State. Didiscus pseudoverdensis sp. nov. has thick, strongly spined didiscorhabds with sharp ends; Didiscus raraediscus sp. nov. has small microspined oxeas; Myrmekioderma guajajara sp. nov. has microxeas and verrucose small oxeas; and Myrmekioderma tenax sp. nov. has both raphidiform and sinuous oxeas. The morphological diversities of both genera are expanded by the addition of new spicule types and ornamentations. Morphological data indicated that both Didiscus and Myrmekioderma should be classified in the family Heteroxyidae, in contrast to previous molecular studies, which suggest that they could belong at least in part to Raspailiidae. These two families and the genus Myrmekioderma are probably polyphyletic and need revision. The number of species of Didiscus and Myrmekioderma worldwide is raised to 11 and 13, respectively, of which five species of Didiscus and six of Myrmekioderma occur in the TA. Most species have narrow distributions, probably reflecting the low sampling effort. This study provides a more accurate picture of the biodiversity and distribution of Didiscus and Myrmekioderma in the TA and reinforces the importance of scientific explorations in understudied areas such as off the mouths of the Amazon and São Francisco rivers.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Petrobras/CENPES and Laboratório de Bentos Costeiro da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) for sampling and loan of the material deposited at UFSPOR; to ICMBio and Brazilian Navy for research permits; to the support of the Brazilian Navy (NHo Cruzeiro do Sul) and Alucia Productions/OceanX (RV Alucia) during the cruises to the Amazon River mouth in 2014 and 2017, respectively; to Alex Bastos (UFES), Fabio Motta (UNIFESP), Gilberto Amado-Filho (IPJBRJ), Milton Kampel (INPE), Leonardo Neves (UFRRJ), Rodrigo Moura, Paulo Salomon and Lais Araujo (UFRJ) for field assistance; to Beatriz Cordeiro and Camila Messias (MNRJ) and Rogério Figueiredo (IPJBRJ) for help with SEM facilities; to Maíra Ventura and Carolline Pequeno for laboratory assistance. We are grateful to the anonymous referees for useful comments about the manuscript. This work is dedicated to Gilberto Amado-Filho (in memoriam) for his leadership in Amazon Reefs research.

Funding

The Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) provided a doctoral scholarship for JS. UP thanks CNPq (PROTAX 562320/2010-5 and Universal 454908/2014-8) and Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE—APQ–0839–2.04/08) for the provision of grants and fellowships. GM thanks Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) for financial support (Cientistas do Nosso Estado E26/202.898/2018). Sampling off the Amazon mouth was funded by CNPq, FAPERJ and Alucia Productions/OceanX (projects coordinated by Rodrigo L. Moura, UFRJ) and Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis/ PetroRio (project coordinated by Gilberto Amado-Filho and Leonardo T. Salgado, IPJBRJ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s/n, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil

    Joana Sandes, Fernando Moraes & Guilherme Muricy

  2. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil

    Joana Sandes & Fernando Moraes

  3. Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia – Laboratório de Porifera – LABPOR, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil

    Ulisses Pinheiro

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All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements when applicable.

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JS and FM conceived and designed research. FM collected the material. JS processed samples. JS, FM, UP and GM analyzed data. JS, FM and GM wrote the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the manuscript.

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Sandes, J., Moraes, F., Pinheiro, U. et al. Taxonomy and distribution of Didiscus and Myrmekioderma (Demospongiae: Axinellida) off the mouths of the two largest rivers in Brazil, with description of four new species. Mar. Biodivers. 51, 27 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01168-x

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