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The Low-Energy Telescope (LET) and SEP Central Electronics for the STEREO Mission

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Abstract

The Low-Energy Telescope (LET) is one of four sensors that make up the Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) instrument of the IMPACT investigation for NASA’s STEREO mission. The LET is designed to measure the elemental composition, energy spectra, angular distributions, and arrival times of H to Ni ions over the energy range from ∼3 to ∼30 MeV/nucleon. It will also identify the rare isotope 3He and trans-iron nuclei with 30≤Z≤83. The SEP measurements from the two STEREO spacecraft will be combined with data from ACE and other 1-AU spacecraft to provide multipoint investigations of the energetic particles that result from interplanetary shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and from solar flare events. The multipoint in situ observations of SEPs and solar-wind plasma will complement STEREO images of CMEs in order to investigate their role in space weather. Each LET instrument includes a sensor system made up of an array of 14 solid-state detectors composed of 54 segments that are individually analyzed by custom Pulse Height Analysis System Integrated Circuits (PHASICs). The signals from four PHASIC chips in each LET are used by a Minimal Instruction Set Computer (MISC) to provide onboard particle identification of a dozen species in ∼12 energy intervals at event rates of ∼1,000 events/sec. An additional control unit, called SEP Central, gathers data from the four SEP sensors, controls the SEP bias supply, and manages the interfaces to the sensors and the SEP interface to the Instrument Data Processing Unit (IDPU). This article outlines the scientific objectives that LET will address, describes the design and operation of LET and the SEP Central electronics, and discusses the data products that will result.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Advanced Composition Explorer

ACR:

Anomalous Cosmic Ray

ADC:

Analog-to-Digital Converter

ALU:

Arithmetic Logic Unit

ApID:

Application process Identifier

ASCII:

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASIC:

Application Specific Integrated Circuit

C&DH:

Command and Data Handling

CCSDS:

Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems

CF:

Correction Factor

CIR:

Corotating Interaction Region

CME:

Coronal Mass Ejection

CMOS:

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

CNO:

Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen element group

CPU:

Central Processing Unit

CPU24:

GSFC version of MISC

CRIS:

Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer

CV:

Capacitance (C) vs. Voltage (V)

DAC:

Digital-to-Analog Converter

DC:

Direct Current

DPU:

Data Processing Unit

EEPROM:

Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

EGSE:

Electrical Ground Support Equipment

EM:

Engineering Model

EOR:

End of Record

EPAM:

Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor

EPHIN:

Electron Proton Helium Instrument (SoHO)

ERH:

Event Record Header

ESA:

European Space Agency

ESP:

Energetic Storm Particles

EUV:

Extreme Ultraviolet

E/M:

Energy/nucleon

FET:

Field Effect Transistor

FM1:

Flight Model 1

FM2:

Flight Model 2

FOV:

Field Of View

FPGA:

Field-Programmable Gate Array

FR4:

Flame Resistant 4 (printed circuit board material)

F.S.:

Full scale

GALEX:

Galaxy Evolution Explorer

GCR:

Galactic Cosmic Ray

GEANT:

Geometry And Tracking (A toolkit for the simulation of particles through matter)

GOES:

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GSE:

Ground Support Equipment

GSFC:

Goddard Space Flight Center

HAZ:

“HAZard” event

HET:

High Energy Telescope

HV:

High Voltage

HVPS:

High Voltage Power Supply

I/F:

Interface

I/O:

Input/Output

ICD:

Interface Control Document

ICME:

Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection

ID:

Identification

IDPU:

IMPACT Data Processing Unit

IMF:

Interplanetary Magnetic Field

IMP:

Interplanetary Monitoring Platform

IMPACT:

In situ Measurements of Particles And CME Transients

ISEE-3:

International Sun-Earth Explorer 3

ISM:

Interstellar Medium

IT:

Information Technology

ITAR:

International Traffic in Arms Regulations

ITO:

Indium Tin Oxide

IV:

Leakage current (I) vs. Voltage (V)

JPL:

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

LBL:

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

LEMT:

Low Energy Matrix Telescope

LET:

Low Energy Telescope

LiBeB:

Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron element group

LVPS:

Low Voltage Power Supply

MAG:

Magnetometer

MISC:

Minimal Instruction Set Computer

MRD:

Mission Requirements Document

MSU:

Michigan State University

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASTRAN:

NASA Structural Analysis system

NeMgSi:

Neon, Magnesium, and Silicon element group

NOAA:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NSCL:

National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory

OGO:

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory

PDFE:

Particle Detector Front End

PEN:

Penetrating event

PHA:

Pulse Height Analyzer

PHASIC:

Pulse Height Analysis System Integrated Circuit

PLASTIC:

Plasma And Suprathermal Ion Composition

PSI:

Pounds per Square Inch

RHESSI:

Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager

RISC:

Reduced Instruction Set Computer

RTSW:

Real-Time Solar Wind

SAMPEX:

Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer

SDO:

Solar Dynamics Observatory

SECCHI:

Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation

SEP:

Solar Energetic Particle

SEPT:

Solar Electron Proton Telescope

SEPT-E:

Ecliptic-viewing component of SEPT

SEPT-NS:

North/South viewing component of SEPT

SIS:

Solar Isotope Spectrometer

SIT:

Suprathermal Ion Telescope

SOHO:

Solar Heliospheric Observatory

SRAM:

Static Random Access Memory

SRL:

Space Radiation Laboratory

SSD:

Solid-State Detector

STEREO:

Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory

STIM:

Stimulated (pulser-produced) event

SWAVES:

STEREO/WAVES Radio and Plasma Wave Experiment

TCP/IP:

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TOF:

Time Of Flight

UCB:

University of California Berkeley

UH:

Ultra-Heavy

ULEIS:

Ultra-Low Energy Isotope Spectrometer

UT:

Universal Time

VLSI:

Very Large Scale Integration

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA

    R. A. Mewaldt, C. M. S. Cohen, W. R. Cook, A. C. Cummings, A. J. Davis, S. Geier, B. Kecman, J. Klemic, A. W. Labrador, R. A. Leske, H. Miyasaka, V. Nguyen, R. C. Ogliore & E. C. Stone

  2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

    R. G. Radocinski & M. E. Wiedenbeck

  3. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA

    J. Hawk, S. Shuman, T. T. von Rosenvinge & K. Wortman

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  1. R. A. Mewaldt
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Mewaldt, R.A., Cohen, C.M.S., Cook, W.R. et al. The Low-Energy Telescope (LET) and SEP Central Electronics for the STEREO Mission. Space Sci Rev 136, 285–362 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9288-x

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