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The ink sac clouds octopod evolutionary history

  • CEPHALOPOD BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
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Abstract

Difficulties in elucidating the evolutionary history of the octopods have arisen from problems in identifying informative morphological characters. Recent classifications have divided the largest group, the incirrate octopods, into five groups. These include the pelagic superfamily Argonautoidea and three gelatinous pelagic families (Vitreledonellidae, Bolitaenidae, Amphitretidae). All benthic incirrate octopods have been accommodated in the family Octopodidae, itself divided into four subfamilies, Octopodinae, Eledoninae, Bathypolypodinae and Graneledoninae, which are defined by the presence or absence of an ink sac, and uniserial or biserial sucker arrangements on the arms. We used relaxed clock models in a Bayesian framework and maximum likelihood methods to analyse three nuclear and four mitochondrial genes of representatives from each of the previous subfamilies. Strong evidence indicates that the family Octopodidae is paraphyletic and contains the gelatinous pelagic families. The subfamilies of Octopodidae recognised in earlier works do not reflect evolutionary history. The following clades were supported in all analyses: (1) Eledone/Aphrodoctopus, (2) Callistoctopus/Grimpella/Macroctopus/Scaeurgus, (3) Abdopus/Ameloctopus/Amphioctopus/Cistopus/Hapalochlaena/Octopus, (4) Enteroctopus/Muusoctopus/Vulcanoctopus, (5) Vitreledonella/Japetella, (6) Southern Ocean endemic and deep-sea taxa with uniserial suckers. These clades form the basis for a suite of taxa assigned family taxonomic rank: Amphitretidae, Bathypolypodidae, Eledonidae, Enteroctopodidae, Megaleledonidae and Octopodidae sensu nov. They are placed within the superfamily Octopodoidea.

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Acknowledgments

Jan Strugnell was supported by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Antarctic Funding Initiative (AFI) NE/C506321/1 (awarded to Louise Allcock), and a Lloyd’s Tercentenary Fellowship, a Systematic Association grant, an Antarctic Science Bursary and the Edith Mary Pratt Musgrave fund. We are grateful to David Carlini, Joao Sendao, C.C. Lu, Malcom Smale, Sean Fennessey, Janet Voight and Roger Villanueva for providing tissue samples which made this study possible. The majority of the analyses in this paper were done on the CamGrid cluster at the University of Cambridge and we are grateful to the Cambridge eScience Centre for its support of the system.

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  1. Department of Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia

    Jan M. Strugnell

  2. Sciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia

    Mark D. Norman

  3. NMFS National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-153, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA

    Michael Vecchione

  4. Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Michelle Guzik

  5. Zoology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland

    A. Louise Allcock

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Guest editors: Erica A. G. Vidal, Mike Vecchione & Sigurd von Boletzky / Cephalopod Life History, Ecology and Evolution

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Strugnell, J.M., Norman, M.D., Vecchione, M. et al. The ink sac clouds octopod evolutionary history. Hydrobiologia 725, 215–235 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1517-6

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