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A Novel Breath Test to Directly Measure Use of Vaginal Gel and Condoms

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Abstract

We assessed the feasibility of a breath test to detect women’s single or concurrent use of vaginal products by adding ester taggants to vaginal gel and condom lubricant. Healthy non-pregnant women were enrolled into a two-day cohort (N = 13) and a single-day cohort (N = 12) in San Francisco. Within each cohort, women were randomized (5:1) to tagged or untagged products, and inserted in a clinical setting: 4 mL of tenofovir placebo gel (ten tagged with 15 mg 2-pentyl acetate; three untagged), and an artificial phallus with a lubricated condom (11 tagged with 15 mg 2-butyl acetate; two untagged), on two separate days (two-day cohort) or concurrently (single-day cohort). Using a portable mini-gas chromatograph, the presence/absence of taggants was determined in breath specimens collected prior to, and at timed intervals following product exposure. Demographic, clinical and product use experience data were collected by structured interview. All participants completed all visits and inserted their assigned products. At 5 min post-insertion, the breath test was 100 % accurate in identifying insertion of the tagged (or untagged) gel and/or condom. The half-life in breath of the two esters tested was <1 h with large variability between individuals, taggants and cohorts. Overall, among those receiving tagged product, six mild and two moderate product-related AEs were reported. All were transient and resolved spontaneously. Additional sensations included taste in mouth (N = 4) and scent (N = 5). The tagged products were well tolerated. This breath test has the potential to accurately and objectively monitor adherence to vaginal gel and condom used separately or concurrently.

Resumen

Se evaluó la viabilidad de una prueba de respiración para detectar, solo o concurrente, uso de los productos vaginales por mediante de las mujeres, añadiendo etiquetados éster al gel vaginal y lubricante de condón. Mujeres saludables, no embarazadas, se inscribieron en una cohorte de dos días (N = 13) y una cohorte de un solo día (N = 12) en San Francisco. Dentro de cada cohorte, mujeres fueron aleatorizadas (5:1) a productos, con o sin etiquetas, que fueron insertados dentro de un entorno clínico: 4 ml del gel placebo tenofovir (10 etiquetado con 15 mg de acetato de 2-pentilo; 3 sin etiqueta), y un falo artificial con un condón lubricado (11 etiquetado con 15 mg de 2-acetato de butilo; 2 no etiquetado), en dos días separados (cohorte de dos días), o concurrentemente (cohorte de un solo día). Usando un mini-cromatógrafo de gases portátil, la presencia / ausencia de etiquetados se determinaron en muestras de aliento recogidas antes de y a intervalos de tiempo, después de la exposición del producto. Datos demográficos, clínicos y de la experiencia sobre el uso del producto se recogieron mediante entrevista estructurada. Todos los participantes completaron todas las visitas y insertaron sus productos asignados. A los 5 minutos después de inserción, la prueba de alcoholemia fue 100% preciso en la identificación de la inserción, con o sin etiqueta, del gel y / o condón. El tiempo que tardo para la mitad de los ésters desglosar y ser eliminados del cuerpo por medio del aliento, de los dos ésteres que fueron usados para la prueba, fue <1 hora con una gran variabilidad entre los individuos, indicadores y cohortes. En general, entre los productos relacionados, etiquetados y recibidos, fueron reportados seis eventos adversos leve y dos moderados. Todos fueron transitorios y se resolvieron espontáneamente. Sensaciones adicionales incluyeron sabor en la boca (n = 4) y aroma (n = 5). Los productos etiquetados fueron bien tolerados. Esta respiración de ensayo es capaz de controlar con precisión y objetivamente la adherencia al gel vaginal y condón usado por separado o concurrentemente.

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Notes

  1. An additional participant was enrolled into the two-day cohort because of a malfunction of the breath-detection machine (mGC mini Gas Chromatographer) at one of the first 12 participant-visits. Therefore, a 13th participant was enrolled to ensure 12 evaluable sets of data.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the women who participated in this study, the study team in San Francisco, specifically Katharine Rivett, and Brian John Davis at the Drug Product Service Laboratory, UCSF. We appreciate the review of earlier versions of the manuscript by Dr. Sue Napierala Mavedzenge and Dr. Jill Schwartz and the editorial help from Andrea Hanson Switzky. We extend our special thanks to Daniel Zaccaro for statistical advice. This work was sponsored by CONRAD and the Joachim S. Gravenstein, M.D. Professorship in Anesthesiology.

Conflict of interest

This work was also supported by Xhale, Inc. (Gainesville, FL, USA), and the University of Florida, Department of Anesthesiology (Gainesville, FL, USA). Dr. Dennis is an employee of Xhale, Inc., the company that sponsored the study. Dr. Morey is a consultant for Xhale, Inc. Drs. Dennis and Morey also own equity in Xhale, Inc. In addition, the University of Florida owns equity in Xhale, Inc. If the device is sold commercially, then the authors listed above and the University of Florida could benefit financially. For the remaining authors and institutions, no conflict is declared.

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Correspondence to Ariane van der Straten.

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van der Straten, A., Cheng, H., Wasdo, S. et al. A Novel Breath Test to Directly Measure Use of Vaginal Gel and Condoms. AIDS Behav 17, 2211–2221 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0390-z

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