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Revision of the resurrected deepwater scorpionfish genus Lythrichthys Jordan and Starks 1904 (Setarchidae), with descriptions of two new species

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Abstract

Lythrichthys Jordan and Starks 1904 (Setarchidae), previously regarded as a junior synonym of Setarches Johnson 1862, is recognized as valid, despite sharing some diagnostic characters with the latter, both genera differing from others in the family in having III, 4–6 (usually 5) anal-fin rays, the body depth at the pelvic-fin origin and interorbital width at the vertical midline of the eye 29.1–42.9% and 7.4–12.9% of standard length, respectively, snout, dorsal and ventral surface of the head naked, first lacrimal spine well developed and of similar length to the second and third spines, intestine and pyloric caeca black or grey, and swimbladder well developed. Lythrichthys differs from Setarches in having the second preopercular spine short or rudimentary (vs. well developed, of similar length to the first and third spines in Setarches), the thoracic and abdominal scales embedded (vs. exposed), the tip of the first lacrimal spine reaching the upper lip (vs. not reaching, except in juveniles), and 9 abdominal vertebrae (vs. 10). In addition, examination of all nominal species included in Setarchidae showed that five were best placed in Lythrichthys, viz. Lythrichthys longimanus (Alcock 1894), Lythrichthys eulabes Jordan and Starks 1904, Lythrichthys cypho (Fowler 1938), Lythrichthys dentatus sp. nov. and Lythrichthys grahami sp. nov., with Setarches including only Setarches guentheri Johnson 1862.

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Acknowledgements

We are especially grateful to A. Hay, S. Reader and M. McGrouther (AMS), S.-P. Huang (ASIZP), D. Catania and M. Hoang (CAS), A. Graham and J. Pogonoski (CSIRO), F. Tashiro (HUMZ), H. Senou (KPM), P. Pruvost, R. Causse, Z. Gabsi, J. Pfliger and P. Béarez (MNHN), S. Tomiyama (MSM), H.-C. Ho (NMMB), K. Koeda (formerly NMMB), K. Matsuura, G. Shinohara, M. Nakae, and K. Kuriiwa (NSMT), R. Bills, E. Heemstra and M. Dwani (SAIAB), A. Bosman (SAM), J. Williams, S. Raredon, K. Murphy and D. Pitassy (USNM), and M. Takami (Tokai University) for their kind hospitality during the first author’s visits to their institutions; the crew of the R/V Hinode-maru, Y. Sakura (Okinawa Environmental Research Co., Ltd.), H. Endo and M Sato (BSKU) and the students of BSKU, M. Matsunuma (KUN), Y. Kaji (WMNH), and H. Hata (NSMT) for collecting setarchid specimens; T. Yamakawa (Kochi, Japan) for providing valuable comments and helpful information; Y. Haraguchi and other volunteers and students of KAUM for collection of specimens and curatorial assistance; and G. Hardy (Ngunguru, New Zealand) for reading the manuscript and providing help with English. The Vietnamese specimen was collected with the support of the Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (Haiphone) and the Ha Long Bay Management Department (Ha Long), with permission of use of the specimen granted by the Biodiversity Conservation Agency, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Hanoi) The EAF-Nansen Programme implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in close collaboration with the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (IMR) and funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) provided us with the opportunity to work with specimens of Setarches and Lythrichthys collected during the R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen Myanmar 2018 survey. We are grateful to Kathrine Michalsen (IMR), Jens-Otto Krakstad (IMR), Htun Thein (Department of Fisheries, Myanmar) and the crew and personnel involved in getting the Myanmar Nansen surveys running. LBRC specimens used in this study were obtained during the SJADES 2018 expedition, co-organized by Chief Scientists Dwi Listyo Rahayu (LIPI) and Peter Ng (LKCNHM), and funded by National University of Singapore and LIPI, and research permit from RISTEKDIKTI 80/SIP/FRP/E5/Dit.KI/III/2018. This study was supported in part by the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Science Society (2019-4105); JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP23580259, JP26450265, and JP20H03311; the JSPS Core-to-Core Program: B Asia-Africa Science Platforms; the “Biological Properties of Biodiversity Hotspots in Japan” project of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan; and the “Establishment of Glocal Research and Education Network in the Amami Islands” project of Kagoshima University, adopted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan

    Hidetoshi Wada

  2. Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru, Kyoto, 625-0086, Japan

    Yoshiaki Kai

  3. The Kagoshima University Museum, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan

    Hiroyuki Motomura

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  1. Hidetoshi Wada
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Correspondence to Hidetoshi Wada.

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Wada, H., Kai, Y. & Motomura, H. Revision of the resurrected deepwater scorpionfish genus Lythrichthys Jordan and Starks 1904 (Setarchidae), with descriptions of two new species. Ichthyol Res 68, 373–403 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-020-00793-z

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