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Magnetic fields: how is plant growth and development impacted?

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Abstract

This review provides detailed insight on the effects of magnetic fields on germination, growth, development, and yield of plants focusing on ex vitro growth and development and discussing the possible physiological and biochemical responses. The MFs considered in this review range from the nanoTesla (nT) to geomagnetic levels, up to very strong MFs greater than 15 Tesla (T) and also super-weak MFs (near 0 T). The theoretical bases of the action of MFs on plant growth, which are complex, are not discussed here and thus far, there is limited mathematical background about the action of MFs on plant growth. MFs can positively influence the morphogenesis of several plants which allows them to be used in practical situations. MFs have thus far been shown to modify seed germination and affect seedling growth and development in a wide range of plants, including field, fodder, and industrial crops; cereals and pseudo-cereals; grasses; herbs and medicinal plants; horticultural crops (vegetables, fruits, ornamentals); trees; and model crops. This is important since MFs may constitute a non-residual and non-toxic stimulus. In addition to presenting and summarizing the effects of MFs on plant growth and development, we also provide possible physiological and biochemical explanations for these responses including stress-related responses of plants, explanations based on dia-, para-, and ferromagnetism, oriented movements of substances, and cellular and molecular changes.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Alternating current

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

chl:

Chlorophyll

DC:

Direct current

EMF:

Electromagnetic field

G:

Gauss

GMF:

Geomagnetic field

ICR:

Ion cyclotron resonance

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MF:

Magnetic field

MW:

Magnetized water

nT:

nanoTesla

POX:

Peroxidase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

T:

Tesla

WMF:

Weak magnetic field

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Pham Thanh Van (Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Genetics, Hanoi, Vietnam) for initial feedback on the first version of the draft. The authors also thank Prof. Alexander G. Volkov (Department of Chemistry, Oakwood University, AL, USA), Dr. Marcela Krawiec (Department of Seed Production and Nurseries, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland), and Prof. Elvira Martínez Ramírez (Dpto. Ingeniería Agroforestal, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos (UPM), Madrid, Spain) for constructive comments on the final version of the manuscript in a pre-publication peer review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. P. O. Box 7, Miki-Cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan

    Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva

  2. Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, Nyíregyháza, P.O. Box 12, 4400, Hungary

    Judit Dobránszki

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  1. Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
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Correspondence to Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva.

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Teixeira da Silva, J.A., Dobránszki, J. Magnetic fields: how is plant growth and development impacted?. Protoplasma 253, 231–248 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0820-7

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