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Sustained mass coral bleaching (2016–2017) in Brazilian turbid-zone reefs: taxonomic, cross-shelf and habitat-related trends

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Abstract

Between 2014 and 2017, an unprecedented heat stress accumulated and propagated across the tropical oceans and resulted in the so-called Third Global Bleaching Event (TGBE). Information about the effects of the TGBE in marginal coral reef provinces are still scarce, but can be relevant to understand the trajectories of coral reefs as climate changes intensify. Akin to deep mesophotic reefs and reefs in thermally stressed regions, low diversity, turbid-zone reefs may exhibit high bleaching tolerance due to local adaptations and conditions (e.g., shading by turbidity). Here, we summarize previous bleaching events in the tropical Western South Atlantic Ocean and explore taxonomic, cross-shelf and habitat-related bleaching trends in the Abrolhos reefs in February, May, June and October 2016, and March 2017. Fire corals (Millepora spp.) were the most affected, but all scleractinian species and several octocorals and zoanthids also bleached. Bleaching prevalence was higher in shallow coastal and offshore reef arcs than in deeper mesophotic reefs. All coral species bleached, but there were taxonomic and habitat-related trends in bleaching prevalence. Several species bleached less in the sites and habitats where their abundance was lower. As of March 2017, coral mortality was overall low across the region (< 3% of total coral cover). Our results add to the recent evidence that deep reefs provide partial refugia for a few coral species, and that turbid-zone reefs may be less susceptible to climate stress due to shading, higher heterotrophy levels, and local adaptations.

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Fig. 1
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Data compiled from Migotto (1997), Castro and Pires (1999), Dutra et al. (2000), Leão et al. (2003), Ferreira and Maida (2006), Kelmo and Attrill (2013), Ferreira et al. (2013), Miranda et al. (2013), Dias and Gondim (2016)

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Acknowledgements

This work is a contribution from the Abrolhos Network (www.abrolhos.org) and was co-funded by Brazil’s National Research Council (CNPq) through the Long Term Ecological Monitoring Program (PELD–Site ABRS), the International Ocean Discovery Program (CAPES), and ANP/Brasoil. ACB, FVR, FSM, GHPF, GMAF, LMN, MK, PSS and RLM acknowledge individual grants from CNPq, CAPES, FAPESP and FAPERJ. We thank the Abrolhos National Marine Park staff, especially Fernando Repinaldo and Berna Barbosa, for research permits, field support and information sharing. Two anonymous reviewers provided helpful input.

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  1. Carolina D. Teixeira and Rodrigo L. L. Leitão have equal contribution.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Biologia and SAGE-COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Carolina D. Teixeira, Rodrigo L. L. Leitão, Felipe V. Ribeiro, Paulo S. Salomon, João A. Sá, Ludmilla N. Falsarella, Michelle Amario, Maria Luiza Abieri & Rodrigo L. Moura

  2. Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Felipe V. Ribeiro

  3. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fernando C. Moraes, Renato C. Pereira & Gilberto M. Amado-Filho

  4. Departamento de Ciências do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Três Rios, Brazil

    Leonardo M. Neves

  5. Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil

    Alex C. Bastos

  6. Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil

    Guilherme H. Pereira-Filho

  7. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil

    Milton Kampel

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Electronic supplementary material

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Electronic Supplementary Material 1.

Relative benthic cover (mean ± SE) in the Abrolhos reefs. Others include black coral, octocoral, sea urchin, calcareous articulated algae, Halimeda, non-biotic and unidentified organisms. (TIFF 2585 kb)

Electronic Supplementary Material 2.

Bleached corals recorded during the Third Global Bleaching Event in the Abrolhos reefs, Brazil. a = Millepora alcicornis (from the left to the right: PB, HB and H); b = Millepora alcicornis (BM); c = Mussismilia braziliensis (left colony: HB, center and right colonies: PB); d = M. hispida, M. hartii and M. lepthophylla (PB), M. braziliensis (H), M. braziliensis (HB and BM) (colonies from the left to the right); e = Agaricia fragilis (HB); f = Favia gravida (HB); g = Madracis decactis (PB); h = Meandrina braziliensis (HB and PB); i = Mussismilia hartii (HB); j = M. hispida (PB and HB); k = Montastraea cavernosa (HB, two larger colonies), Madracis decactis (H, between M. cavernosa colonies), Mussismilia hispida (H and PB, in the left, above M. cavernosa colonies), M. hartii (above M. cavernosa, to the right of M. hispida), Agaricia sp. (HB, three colonies in the right); l = Palythoa caribaeorum (H and HB); m = Plexaurella grandiflora (HB); n = Porites astreoides (HB); o = Siderastrea stellata (HB); p = Stephanocoenia intersepta (HB, several colonies), Porites astreoides (HB, small colony, upper right), Scolymia sp. (H, solitary, upper right). PB = Partially Bleached, HB = Heavily Bleached, BM = Bleaching and Mortality (see Methods). Photos by Leo Francini, Athila Bertoncini, Fernando Moraes and Rodrigo Moura. (TIFF 7670 kb)

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Teixeira, C.D., Leitão, R.L.L., Ribeiro, F.V. et al. Sustained mass coral bleaching (2016–2017) in Brazilian turbid-zone reefs: taxonomic, cross-shelf and habitat-related trends. Coral Reefs 38, 801–813 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01789-6

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