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Quaternary refugia of the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.): an extended palynological approach

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An Erratum to this article was published on 20 August 2004

Abstract

Knowledge about the glacial refugia of the thermophilous European Castanea sativa Mill. (sweet chestnut) is still inadequate. Its original range of distribution has been masked by strong human impact. Moreover, under natural conditions the species was probably admixed with other taxa (such as Quercus, Fraxinus, Fagus, Tilia) and thus possibly represented by low percentages in pollen records. In this paper we try to overcome the difficulties related to the scarcity and irregularity of chestnut pollen records by considering 1471 sites and extending the palynological approach to develop a Castanea refugium probability index (IRP), aimed at detecting possible chestnut refugia where chestnuts survived during the last glaciation. The results are in close agreement with the current literature on the refugia of other thermophilous European trees. The few divergences are most probably due to the large amount of new data integrated in this study, rather than to fundamental disagreements about data and data interpretation. The main chestnut refugia are located in the Transcaucasian region, north-western Anatolia, the hinterland of the Tyrrhenian coast from Liguria to Lazio along the Apennine range, the region around Lago di Monticchio (Monte Vulture) in southern Italy, and the Cantabrian coast on the Iberian peninsula. Despite the high likelihood of Castanea refugia in the Balkan Peninsula and north-eastern Italy (Colli Euganei, Monti Berici, Emilia-Romagna) as suggested by the IRP, additional palaeobotanical investigations are needed to assess whether these regions effectively sheltered chestnut during the last glaciation. Other regions, such as the Isère Département in France, the region across north-west Portugal and Galicia, and the hilly region along the Mediterranean coast of Syria and Lebanon were classified as areas of medium refugium probability. Our results reveal an unexpected spatial richness of potential Castanea refugia. It is likely that other European trees had similar distribution ranges during the last glaciation. It is thus conceivable that shelter zones with favourable microclimates were probably more numerous and more widely dispersed across Europe than so far assumed. In the future, more attention should be paid to pollen traces of sporadic taxa thought to have disappeared from a given area during the last glacial and post-glacial period.

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Acknowledgements

Our heartfelt thanks go to our colleagues W.O. van der Knaap, R. Drescher-Schneider and F. Bittmann for the critical reading of the manuscript, C. Grütter, G. Nebel and Ch. Matter in the WSL library and to all the NEBIS staff for their helpfulness and the tenacity with which they have supported us in the literature search, P. Kaltenrieder for kindly providing us with information on her preliminary PhD thesis results, S. Tonkov for sending us original data from Bulgaria. We are also grateful to S. Depedrini and D. Furrer, for their assistance during the cataloguing and recording of the bibliography. Finally, we are indebted to Ch. and J. Favre and to S. Dingwall for the English revision of the manuscript.

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  1. WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Sottostazione Sud delle Alpi, PO Box 5, 76504, Bellinzona, Switzerland

    Patrik Krebs, Marco Conedera, Marco Pradella & Damiano Torriani

  2. Quaternary Geologist, PO Box 124, 6834 , Morbio Inferiore, Switzerland

    Markus Felber

  3. Institute of Plant Sciences, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 , Bern, Switzerland

    Willy Tinner

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  1. Patrik Krebs
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Correspondence to Marco Conedera.

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An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-004-0048-5.

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Krebs, P., Conedera, M., Pradella, M. et al. Quaternary refugia of the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.): an extended palynological approach. Veget Hist Archaeobot 13, 145–160 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-004-0041-z

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