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The immunopathology of lung fibrosis: amphiregulin-producing pathogenic memory T helper-2 cells control the airway fibrotic responses by inducing eosinophils to secrete osteopontin

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Abstract

Fibrosis is defined as excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the parenchyma of various organs, and sometimes leads to irreversible organ malfunction such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a fatal disorder of the lung. Chronic inflammatory stimuli induce fibrotic responses in various organs. Various immune cells, including T helper (Th) cells in the lung, protect the host from different harmful particles, including pathogenic microorganisms. However, the dysregulation of the function of these immune cells in the lung sometimes causes inflammatory diseases, such as lung fibrosis. In this review, we will introduce an outline of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic fibrotic responses in the lung. We will also introduce the concept of the “Pathogenic Th population disease induction model,” in which unique subpopulations of certain Th cell subsets control the pathology of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Finally, we introduce our recent findings, which demonstrate that amphiregulin-producing pathogenic memory Th2 cells control airway fibrosis through the osteopontin produced by inflammatory eosinophils. The identification of this new pathogenic Th cell population supports the concept of “Pathogenic Th population disease induction model”, and will provide novel strategies for treating intractable diseases, including lung fibrosis.

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Acknowledgments

We appreciate all of the members in Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.

Funding

This work was supported by the following grants: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT Japan) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 26221305, (C) 17K08876; Practical Research Project for Allergic Diseases and Immunology (Research on Allergic Diseases and Immunology) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED (No. JP18ek0410030, JP18ek0410045); AMED-PRIME, AMED (No. JP18gm6110005); AMED-CREST, AMED (No. JP18gm1210003); Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, The Ichiro Kanehara Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Sciences and Medical Care and Takeda Science Foundation.

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Author notes

  1. Kiyoshi Hirahara and Ami Aoki contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan

    Kiyoshi Hirahara, Ami Aoki, Yuki Morimoto, Masahiro Kiuchi, Mikiko Okano & Toshinori Nakayama

  2. AMED-PRIME, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan

    Kiyoshi Hirahara

  3. AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan

    Toshinori Nakayama

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  1. Kiyoshi Hirahara
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  2. Ami Aoki
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  4. Masahiro Kiuchi
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Correspondence to Kiyoshi Hirahara.

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This article is a contribution to the special issue on The Pathogenicity of Acquired Immunity in Human Diseases - Guest Editor: Kiyoshi Hirahara

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Hirahara, K., Aoki, A., Morimoto, Y. et al. The immunopathology of lung fibrosis: amphiregulin-producing pathogenic memory T helper-2 cells control the airway fibrotic responses by inducing eosinophils to secrete osteopontin. Semin Immunopathol 41, 339–348 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-019-00735-6

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