Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Approaches to Evaluating Climate Change Impacts on Species: A Guide to Initiating the Adaptation Planning Process

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Assessing the impact of climate change on species and associated management objectives is a critical initial step for engaging in the adaptation planning process. Multiple approaches are available. While all possess limitations to their application associated with the uncertainties inherent in the data and models that inform their results, conducting and incorporating impact assessments into the adaptation planning process at least provides some basis for making resource management decisions that are becoming inevitable in the face of rapidly changing climate. Here we provide a non-exhaustive review of long-standing (e.g., species distribution models) and newly developed (e.g., vulnerability indices) methods used to anticipate the response to climate change of individual species as a guide for managers grappling with how to begin the climate change adaptation process. We address the limitations (e.g., uncertainties in climate change projections) associated with these methods, and other considerations for matching appropriate assessment approaches with the management questions and goals. Thorough consideration of the objectives, scope, scale, time frame and available resources for a climate impact assessment allows for informed method selection. With many data sets and tools available on-line, the capacity to undertake and/or benefit from existing species impact assessments is accessible to those engaged in resource management. With some understanding of potential impacts, even if limited, adaptation planning begins to move toward the development of management strategies and targeted actions that may help to sustain functioning ecosystems and their associated services into the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Text Box 1
Text Box 2
Text Box 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson BJ, Akcakaya HR, Araujo MB, Fordham DA, Martinez-Meyer E, Thuiller W, Brook BW (2009) Dynamics of range margins for metapopulations under climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 276:1415–1420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo MB, Luoto M (2007) The importance of biotic interactions for modelling species distributions under climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16:743–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachelet D, Neilson RP, Hickler T, Drapek RJ, Lenihan JM, Sykes MT, Smith B, Stich S, Thonicke K (2003) Simulating past and future dynamics of natural ecosystems in the United States. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17:1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron JS, Gunderson L, Allen CD, Fleishman E, McKenzie D, Meyerson LA, Oropeza J, Stephenson N (2009) Options for national parks and reserves for adapting to climate change. Environmental Management 44:1033–1042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baselga A, Araujo MB (2009) Individualistic vs community modelling of species distributions under climate change. Ecography 32:55–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beale CM, Lennon JJ, Gimona A (2008) Opening the climate envelope reveals no macroscale associations with climate in European birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:14908–14912

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont LJ, Hughes L, Pitman AJ (2008) Why is the choice of future climate scenarios for species distribution modelling important? Ecology Letters 11:1135–1146

    Google Scholar 

  • Beever EA, Brussard PE, Berger J (2003) Patterns of apparent extirpation among isolated populations of pikas (Ochotona princeps) in the Great Basin. Journal of Mammalogy 84:37–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buisson L, Thuiller W, Casajus N, Lek S, Grenouillet G (2010) Uncertainty in ensemble forecasting of species distribution. Global Change Biology 16:1145–1157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case M, Lawler JJ (2011) Case study 7. Pacific Northwest climate change vulnerability assessment. In: Glick P, Stein BA (eds) Scanning the conservation horizon: a guide to climate change vulnerability assessment. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, pp 129–136

  • Chen IC, Shu HJ, Benedick S, Halloway JD, Chey VK, Barlow HS, Hill JK, Thomas CD (2009) Elevation increases in moth assemblages over 42 years on a tropical mountain. PNAS 106:1479–1483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colwell RK, Rangel TF (2009) Hutchinson’s duality: the once and future niche. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:19651–19658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig RK (2010) “Stationarity is dead”—long live transformation: five principles for climate change adaptation law. Harvard Environmental Law Review 34:9–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly C, Halbleib M, Smith JI, Gibson WP, Doggett MK, Taylor GH, Curtis J, Pasteris PP (2008) Physiographically-sensitive mapping of temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States. International Journal of Climatology 28:2031–2064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enquist C, Gori D (2008) A Climate change vulnerability assessment for biodiversity in New Mexico, part I: implications of recent climate change on conservation of priorities in New Mexico. The Nature Conservancy in New Mexico, 69 pp

  • Finch DM, Friggens M, Bagne KE (2011) Case study 3. Species vulnerability assessment for the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico. In: Glick P, Stein BA (eds) Scanning the conservation horizon: a guide to climate change vulnerability assessment. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, pp 96–103

  • Fitzpatrick MC, Weltzin JF, Sanders NJ, Dunn RR (2007) The biogeography of prediction error: why does the introduced range of the fire ant over-predict its native range? Global Ecology and Biogeography 16:24–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girvetz EH, Zganjar C, Raber GT, Maurer EP, Kareiva P, Lawler JJ (2009) Applied climate-change analysis: the climate wizard tool. Plos One 4:e8320. doi:10.137/journal.pone.0008320

  • Glick P, Stein BA (eds) (2011) Scanning the conservation horizon: a guide to climate change vulnerability assessment. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC

  • Graham RW, Lundelius EL Jr, Graham MA, Schroder EK, Toomey RS III, Anderson E, Baronsky AD, Burns JA, Churcher CS, Grayson DK, Guthrei RD, Harrington CR, Jefferson GT, Martin LD, McDonald HG, Morlan RE, Semken HA Jr, Webb SD, Werdelin L, Wilson MC (1996) Spatial response of mammals to late quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science 272:1601–1606

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray ST, Betancourt JL, Jackson ST, Eddy RG (2006) Role of multidecadal climate variability in a range extension of pinyon pine. Ecology 87:1124–1130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson DK (2005) A brief history of Great Basin pikas. Journal of Biogeography 32:2103–2111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guisan A, Thuiller W (2005) Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters 8:993–1009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guralnick R (2007) Differential effects of past climate warming on mountain and flatland species distributions: a multispecies North American mammal assessment. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16:14–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann A, Wang TL (2006) Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia. Ecology 87:2773–2786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen L, Hoffman J, Drews C, Mielbrecht E (2010) Designing climate-smart conservation: guidance and case studies. Conservation Biology 24:63–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hijmans RJ, Graham CH (2006) The ability of climate envelope models to predict the effect of climate change on species distributions. Global Change Biology 12:2272–2281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holling CS (ed) (1978) Adaptive environmental assessment and management. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley B (1991) How plants respond to climate change-migration rates, individualism and the consequences for plant communities. Annals of Botany 67:15–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Illan JG, Gutierrez D, Wilson RJ (2010) The contributions of topoclimate and land cover to species distributions and abundance: fine-resolution tests for a mountain butterfly fauna. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19:159–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson ST, Booth RK (2002) The role of Late Holocene climate variability in the expansion of yellow birch in the western Great Lakes region. Diversity and Distributions 8:275–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson ST, Overpeck JT (2000) Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the Late Quaternary. Paleobiology 26(Suppl):194–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson ST, Betancourt JL, Booth RK, Gray ST (2009a) Ecology and the ratchet of events: climate variability, niche dimensions, and species distributions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:19685–19692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson ST, Gray ST, Shuman B (2009b) Paleoecology and resource management in a dynamic landscape: case studies from the Rocky Mountain Headwaters. In: Dietl GP, Flessa KW (eds) Conservation paleobiology: using the past to manage for the future. Paleontological Society Short Course, vol 15, 17 Oct 2009. The Paleontological Society Papers

  • Kearney M, Porter W (2009) Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species’ ranges. Ecology Letters 12:334–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney M, Phillips BL, Tracy CR, Christian KA, Betts G, Porter WP (2008) Modelling species distributions without using species distributions: the cane toad in Australia under current and future climates. Ecography 31:423–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keith DA, Akcakaya HR, Thuiller W, Midgley GF, Pearson RG, Phillips SJ, Regan HM, Araujo MB, Rebelo TG (2008) Predicting extinction risks under climate change: coupling stochastic population models with dynamic bioclimatic habitat models. Biology Letters 4:560–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly AE, Goulden ML (2008) Rapid shifts in plant distribution with recent climate change. PNAS 105:11823–11826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavergne S, Mouquet N, Thuiller W, Ronce O (2010) Biodiversity and climate change: integrating evolutionary and ecological responses of species and communities. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 41:321–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler JJ, White D, Neilson RP, Blaustein AR (2006) Predicting climate-induced range shifts: model differences and model reliability. Global Change Biology 12:1568–1584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler JJ, Shafer SL, White D, Kareiva P, Maurer EP, Blaustein AR, Bartlein PJ (2009) Projected climate-induced faunal change in the Western Hemisphere. Ecology 90:588–597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler JJ, Tear TH, Pyke C, Shaw MR, Gonzalez P, Kareiva P, Hansen L, Hannah L, Klausmeyer K, Aldous A, Bienz C, Pearsall S (2010a) Resource management in a changing and uncertain climate. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:35–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler JJ, Shafer SL, Bancroft BA, Blaustein AR (2010b) Projected climate impacts for the amphibians of the Western Hemisphere. Conservation Biology 24:38–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loarie SR, Duffy PB, Hamilton H, Asner GP, Field CB, Ackerly DD (2009) The velocity of climate change. Nature 462:U1052–U1111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luoto M, Virkkala R, Heikkinen RK (2007) The role of land cover in bioclimatic models depends on spatial resolution. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16:34–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald GM, Bennett KD, Jackson ST, Parducci L, Smith FA, Smol JP, Willis KJ (2008) Impacts of climate change on species, populations and communities: palaeobiogeographical insights and frontiers. Progress in Physical Geography 32:139–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marmion M, Parviainen M, Luoto M, Heikkinen RK, Thuiller W (2009) Evaluation of consensus methods in predictive species distribution modelling. Diversity and Distributions 15:59–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Meyer E, Townsend Peterson A, Hargrove WW (2004) Ecological niches as stable distributional constraints on mammal species, with implications for Pleistocene extinctions and climate change projections for biodiversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13:305–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mawdsley JR, O’Malley R, Ojima DS (2009) A review of climate-change adaptation strategies for wildlife management and biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 23:1080–1089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill RM, Gutierrez D, Lewis OT, Gutierrez J, Diez SB, Wilson RJ (2008) Combined effects of climate and biotic interactions on the elevational range of a phytophagous insect. Journal of Animal Ecology 77:145–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millar CI, Stephenson NL, Stephens SL (2007) Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications 17:2145–2151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monahan WB (2009) A mechanistic niche model for measuring species’ distributional responses to seasonal temperature gradients. PLoS One 4(11):e7921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz C, Patton JL, Conroy CJ, Parra JL, White GC, Beissinger SR (2008) Impact of a century of climate change on small-mammal communities in Yosemite National Park, USA. Science 322:261–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss RH, Edmonds JA, Hibbard KA, Manning MR, Rose SK, van Vuuren DP, Carter TR, Emori S, Kainuma M, Kram T, Meehl GA, Mithchell JFB, Nakicenovic N, Riahi K, Smith SJ, Stouffer RJ, Thomson AM, Weyant JP, Wilbanks TJ (2010) The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature 463:747–756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers P, Lundrigan BL, Hoffman SMG, Haraminac AP, Seto SH (2009) Climate-induced changes in the small mammal communities of the Northern Great Lakes Region. Global Change Biology 15:1434–1454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neely B, McCarthy P, Cross M, Enquist C, Garfin G, Gori D, Hayward G, Schulz T (2010) Climate change adaptation workshop for natural resource managers in the Gunnison Basin: summary. Southwest Climate Change Initiative, The Nature Conservancy

    Google Scholar 

  • Niven DK, Butcher GS, Bancroft GT, Monahan WB, Langham G (2009) Birds and climate change: ecological disruption in motion. a briefing for policymakers and concerned citizens on audubon’s analyses of North American bird movements in the face of global warming. http://birdsandclimate.audubon.org/techreport.html. Accessed 9 Nov 2009

  • Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 2006:637–669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parmesan C, Ryrholm N, Stefanescu C, Hill JK, Thomas CD, Descimon H, Huntley B, Laila L, Kulberg J, Tammaru T, Tennent WJ, Thomas JA, Warren M (1999) Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399:579–583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parmesan C, Root TL, Willig MR (2000) Impacts of extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81:443–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearman PB, Guisan A, Borennimann O, Randin CF (2008) Niche dynamics in space and time. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:149–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson RG, Dawson TP (2003) Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful? Global Ecology and Biogeography 12:361–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson RG, Thuiller W, Araujo MB, Martinez-Meyer E, Brotons L, McClean C, Miles L, Segurado P, Dawson TP, Lees DC (2006) Model-based uncertainty in species range prediction. Journal of Biogeography 33:1704–1711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson RG, Raxworthy CJ, Nakamura M, Peterson AT (2007) Predicting species distributions from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography 34:102–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson AT, Ortega-Huerta MA, Bartley J, Sanchez-Cordero V, Soberon J, Buddemeier RH, Stockwell DRB (2002) Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios. Nature 416:626–629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson GD, Cumming GS, Carpenter SR (2003) Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain world. Conservation Biology 17:358–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodder D, Schmidtlein S, Veith M, Lotters S (2009) Alien invasive slider turtle in unpredicted habitat: a matter of niche shift or of predictors studied? Plos One 4(11):e7843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodenhuis DR, Bennett KE, Werner AT, Murdock TQ, Bronaugh D (2009) Hydro-climatology and future climate impacts in British Columbia. Pacific climate impacts consortium. University of Victoria, Victoria 132 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Schneider SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421:57–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig C et al (2008) Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change. Nature 453:U320–U353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe RJ, Finarelli JA, Rickart EA (2010) Range dynamics of small mammals along an elevational gradient over an 80-year interval. Global Change Biology 16:2930–2943

    Google Scholar 

  • Salazar K (2009) Secretarial order no. 3289: Addressing the impacts of climate change on America’s water, land, and other natural and cultural resources. In: DOI (ed.), Washington, DC

  • Santa Clara University, Bias Corrected and Downscaled WCRP CMIP3 Climate Projections (2010) http://gdo-dcp.ucllnl.org/downscaled_cmip3_projections/. Accessed 14 Jan 2010

  • Schauffler M, Jacoboson GL (2002) Persistence of coastal red spruce refugia during the Holocene in northern New England, USA, detected by stand-scale pollen stratigraphies. Journal of Ecology 90:235–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon SD, Quin D, Manning M, Alley RB, Berntsen T, Bindoff NL (2007) Technical summary. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contributions of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwest Climate Change Network (2010) http://southwestclimatechange.org/climate. Accessed 8 Jan 2010

  • Sutherst R, Floyd RB, Maywald GF (1995) The potential geographical distribution of the Cane Toad, Bufo marinus L in Australia. Conservation Biology 9:294–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Suttle KB, Thomsen MA, Power ME (2007) Species interactions reverse grassland response to changing climate. Science 315:640–642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swetnam TW, Betancourt JL (1998) Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. Journal of Climate 11:3128–3147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theobold DM (2004) Placing exurban land-use change in a human modification framework. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:139–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thuiller W, Brotons L, Araujo MB, Lavorel S (2004) Effects of restricting environmental range data to project current and future species distributions. Ecography 27:165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thuiller W, Lavorel S, Araujo MB (2005) Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14:347–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tingley MW, Monahan WB, Beissinger SR, Moritz C (2009) Birds track their Grinnellian niche through a century of climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:19637–19643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urban MC, Phillips BL, Skelly R, Shine (2007) The cane toad’s (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus) increasing ability to invade Australia is revealed by a dynamically updated range model. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274:1413–1419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2009) A framework for categorizing the relative vulnerability of threatened and endangered species to climate change. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, EPA/600/R-09/011

  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (2010) Rising to the urgent challenge: Strategic plan for responding to accelerating climate change. http://www.fws.gov/home/climatechange/strategy.html

  • Varela S, Rodriguez J, Lobo JM (2009) Is current climatic equilibrium a guarantee for the transferability of distribution model predictions? A case study of the spotted hyena. Journal of Biogeography 36:1645–1655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walther GR, Post E, Convey P, Menzel A, Parmesan C, Beebee TJC, Fromentin JM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bairlein F (2002) Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416:389–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West JM, Julius SH, Kareiva P, Enquist E, Lawler JJ, Petersen B, Johnson AE, Shaw MR (2009) U.S. natural resources and climate change: concepts and approaches for management adaptation. Environmental Management 44:1001–1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiens JA, Bachelet D (2010) Matching multiple scales of conservation with the multiple scales of climate change. Conservation Biology 24:51–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiens JA, Stralberg D, Jongsonmijt D, Howell CA, Snyder MA (2009) Niches, models, and climate change: assessing the assumptions and uncertainties. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:19729–19736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildland-Urban Interface Maps (2010) http://www.silvis.forest.wisc.edu/projects/WUI_Main.asp. Accessed 8 Feb 2010

  • Williams JW, Jackson ST, Kutzbacht JE (2007) Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:5738–5742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams SE, Shoo LP, Isaac JL, Hoffmann AA, Langham G (2008) Towards an integrated framework for assessing the vulnerability of species to climate change. Plos Biology 6:2621–2626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JE, Haak AL, Neville HM, Colyer WT (2009) Potential consequences of climate change to persistence of cutthroat trout populations. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29:533–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis KJ, Birks HJB (2006) What is Natural? The need for a long-term perspective in biodiversity conservation. Science 314:1261–1265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young B, Byers E, Gravuer K, Hall K, Hammerson G, Redder A (2009) Guidelines for using the NatureServe climate change vulnerability index, Release 1.0. http://www.natureserve.org/prodServices/climatechange/ClimateChange.jsp#v1point2. Accessed 25 Feb 2010

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by funds provided by the Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. We appreciate the thoughtful comments of three anonymous reviewers and M. Cross that contributed greatly to the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

    Erika L. Rowland, Jennifer E. Davison & Lisa J. Graumlich

  2. College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Jennifer E. Davison & Lisa J. Graumlich

  3. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA

    Erika L. Rowland

Authors
  1. Erika L. Rowland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jennifer E. Davison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lisa J. Graumlich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erika L. Rowland.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rowland, E.L., Davison, J.E. & Graumlich, L.J. Approaches to Evaluating Climate Change Impacts on Species: A Guide to Initiating the Adaptation Planning Process. Environmental Management 47, 322–337 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9608-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9608-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation