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Structure and function of α-glucan debranching enzymes

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Abstract

α-Glucan debranching enzymes hydrolyse α-1,6-linkages in starch/glycogen, thereby, playing a central role in energy metabolism in all living organisms. They belong to glycoside hydrolase families GH13 and GH57 and several of these enzymes are industrially important. Nine GH13 subfamilies include α-glucan debranching enzymes; isoamylase and glycogen debranching enzymes (GH13_11); pullulanase type I/limit dextrinase (GH13_12–14); pullulan hydrolase (GH13_20); bifunctional glycogen debranching enzyme (GH13_25); oligo-1 and glucan-1,6-α-glucosidases (GH13_31); pullulanase type II (GH13_39); and α-amylase domains (GH13_41) in two-domain amylase–pullulanases. GH57 harbours type II pullulanases. Specificity differences, domain organisation, carbohydrate binding modules, sequence motifs, three-dimensional structures and specificity determinants are discussed. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that GH13_39 enzymes could represent a “missing link” between the strictly α-1,6-specific debranching enzymes and the enzymes with dual specificity and α-1,4-linkage preference.

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Abbreviations

CAZy:

Carbohydrate-active enzymes

CBM:

Carbohydrate binding module

CD:

Cyclodextrin

CDD:

Conserved domain database

GDE:

Glycogen debranching enzyme

GH:

Glycoside hydrolase

GHx:

Glycoside hydrolase family x

GH13_x:

Glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily x

ISA:

Isoamylase

PULI:

Type I pullulanase

PULII:

Type II pullulanase

PULII_I:

Type II pullulanase with one catalytic domain

PULII_II:

Type II pullulanase with two catalytic domains

SBS:

Starch binding site

SEX4:

Starch-excess protein-4

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Acknowledgments

Bernard Henrissat is gratefully acknowledged for sharing information on new GH13 subfamilies of which GH13_41 is addressed in the present review. This work was supported by The Danish Council for Independent Research Technology and Production Sciences (to MSM), and a Sapere Aude-Research Talent grant from the Danish Council for Independent Research Technology and Production Sciences (to MSM).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Marie Sofie Møller & Birte Svensson

  2. Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden

    Marie Sofie Møller

  3. Global Research Unit, Department of Large Protein Biophysics and Formulation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark

    Anette Henriksen

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  1. Marie Sofie Møller
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Correspondence to Marie Sofie Møller.

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Møller, M.S., Henriksen, A. & Svensson, B. Structure and function of α-glucan debranching enzymes. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 2619–2641 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2241-y

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