Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Brachial plexus blocks: a review of approaches and techniques

Les blocs du plexus brachial: compte-rendu des approches et techniques

  • Review Articles/Brief Reviews
  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Neal JM, Hebl JR, Gerancher JC, Hogan QH. Brachial plexus anesthesia: essentials of our current understanding. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:402–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Perlas A, Chan VW, Simons M. Brachial plexus examination and localization using ultrasound and electrical stimulation: a volunteer study. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:429–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rucci FS, Pippa P, Barbagli R, Doni L. How many interscalenic blocks are there? A comparison between the lateral and posterior approach. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1993; 10:303–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rettig HC, Gielen MJ, Jack NT, Boersma E, Klein J. A. A comparison of the lateral and posterior approach for brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:119–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dewees JL, Schultz CT, Wilkerson FK, Kelly JA, Biegner AR, Pellegrini JE. Comparison of two approaches to brachial plexus anesthesia for proximal upper extremity surgery: interscalene and intersternocleidomastoid. AANA J 2006; 74:201–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arcand G, Williams SR, Chouinard P, et al. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular versus supraclavicular block. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:886–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Fleck JW, Moorthy SS, Daniel J, Dierdorf SF. Brachial plexus block. A comparison of the supraclavicular lateral paravascular and axillary approaches. Reg Anesth 1994; 19:14–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kapral S, Kraft P, Eibenberger K, Fitzgerald R, Gosch M, Weinstabl C. Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular approach for regional anesthesia of the brachial plexus. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:507–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kapral S, Jandrasits O, Schabernig C, et al. Lateral infraclavicular plexus block vs. axillary block for hand and forearm surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999; 43:1047–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fleischmann E, Marhofer P, Greher M, Waltl B, Sitzwohl C, Kapral S. Brachial plexus anesthesia in children: lateral infraclavivular vs axillary approach. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:103–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rettig HC, Gielen JM, Boerma E, Klein J. A comparison of the vertical infraclavivular and axillary approaches for brachial plexus anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:1501–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Heid FM, Jage J, Guth M, Bauwe N, Brambrink AM. Efficacy of vertical infraclavicular plexus block vs. modified axillary plexus block: a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:677–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Deleuze A, Gentili ME, Marret E, Lamonerie L, Bonnet F. A comparison of a single-stimulation lateral infraclavicular plexus block with a triple-stimulation axillary block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28:89–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Rasmussen H, Hesselbjerg L, Nielsen TP, Gurkan Y. Infraclavicular block causes less discomfort than axillary block in ambulatory patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:1030–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Koscieniak-Nielsen ZJ, Rotboll Nielsen P, Risby Mortensen C. A comparison of coracoid and axillary approaches to the brachial plexus. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44:274–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. ErtugZ, Yegin A, Ertem S, et al. Comparison of two different techniques for brachial plexus block: infra-clavicular versus axillary technique. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:1035–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Minville V, Amathieu R, Luc N, et al. Infraclavicular brachial plexus block versus humeral approach: comparison of anesthetic time and efficacy. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:1198–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Minville V, Fourcade O, Idabouk L, et al. Infraclavicular brachial plexus block versus humeral block in trauma patients: a comparison of patient comfort. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:912–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bouaziz H, Narchi P, Mercier FJ, et al. Comparison between conventional axillary block and a new approach at the midhumeral level. Anesth Analg 1997; 84:1058–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fuzier R, Fourcade O, Pianezza A, Gilbert ML, Bounes V, Olivier M. A comparison between double-injection axillary brachial plexus block and midhumeral block for emergency upper limb surgery. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1856–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. March X, Pardina B, Torres-Bahi S, Navarro M, del Mar Garcia M, Villalonga A. A comparison of a triple-injection axillary brachial plexus block with the humeral approach. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28:504–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sia S, Lepri A, Campolo MC, Fiaschi R. Four-injection brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: a comparison between axillary and humeral approaches. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1075–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Rasmussen H, Nielsen PT. Patients’ perception of pain during axillary and humeral blocks using multiple nerve stimulations. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004; 29:328–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Liguori GA, Zayas VM, YaDeau JT, et al. Nerve localization techniques for interscalene brachial plexus blockade: a prospective, randomized comparison of mechanical paresthesia versus electrical stimulation. Anesth Analg 2006; 103:761–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Smith BL. Efficacy of a nerve stimulator in regional anesthesia; experience in a resident training programme. Anaesthesia 1976; 31:778–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Boezaart AP, de Beer JF, du Toit C, van Rooyen K. A new technique of continuous interscalene nerve block. Can J Anesth 1999; 46:275–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Soeding PE, Sha S, Royse CE, Marks P, Hoy G, Royse AG. A randomized trial of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anaesthesia in upper limb surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005; 33:719–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Urmey WF, Talts KH, Sharrock NE. One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia as diagnosed by ultrasonography. Anesth Analg 1991; 72:498–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Urmey WF, McDonald M. Hemidiaphragmatic paresis during interscalene brachial plexus block: effects on pulmonary function and chest wall mechanics. Anesth Analg 1992; 74:352–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Urmey WF, Gloeggler PJ. Pulmonary function changes during interscalene brachial plexus block: effects of decreasing local anesthetic injection volume. Reg Anesth 1993; 18:244–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Urmey WF, Grossi P, Sharrock N, Stanton J, Gloeggler PJ. Digital pressure during interscalene block is clinically ineffective in preventing anesthetic spread to the cervical plexus. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:366–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bennani SE, Vandenabele-Teneur F, Nyarwaya JB, Delecroix M, Krivosic-Horber R. An attempt to prevent spread of local anaesthetic to the phrenic nerve by compression above the injection site during the interscalene brachial plexus block. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998; 15:453–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Sala-Blanch X, LazaroJR, CorreaJ, Gomez-Fernandez M. Phrenic nerve block caused by interscalene brachial plexus block: effects of digital pressure and a low volume of local anesthetic. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999; 24:231–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. al-Kaisy AA, Chan VW, Perlas A. Respiratory effects of low-dose bupivacaine interscalene block. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82:217–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Martinez J, Sala-Blanch X, Ramos I, Gomar C. Combined infraclavicular plexus block with supra-scapular nerve block for humeral head surgery in a patient with respiratory failure: an alternative approach. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:784–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ritchie ED, Tong D, Chung F, Norris A, Miniaci A, Vairavanathan SD. Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a new modality? Anesth Analg 1997; 84:1306–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Singelyn FJ, Lhotel L, Fabre B. Pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a comparison of intraar-ticular analgesia, suprascapular nerve block, and interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:589–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Neal JM, McDonald SB, Larkin KL, Polissar NL. Suprascapular nerve block prolongs analgesia after non-arthroscopic shoulder surgery but does not improve outcome. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:982–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A. A new parascalene approach to the brachial plexus in children: comparison with the supraclavicular approach. Anesth Analg 1987; 66:1264–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kulenkampff D, Persy MA. Brachial plexus anesthesia: its indications, technique and dangers. Ann Surg 1928; 87:883–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Franco CD, Domashevich V, Voronov G, Rafizad AB, Jelev TJ. The supraclavicular block with a nerve stimulator: to decrease or not to decrease, that is the question. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:1167–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hickey R, Hoffman J, Ramamurthy S. Transarterial techniques are not effective for subclavian perivascular block. Reg Anesth 1990; 15:245–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Williams SR, Chouinard P, Arcand G, et al. Ultrasound guidance speeds the execution and improves the quality of supraclavicular block. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:1518–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bigeleisen P, Wilson M. A comparison of two techniques for ultrasound guided infraclavicular block. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96:502–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. RodriguezJ, Taboada-Muniz M, Barcena M, Alvarez J. Median versus musculocutaneous nerve response with single-injection infraclavicular coracoid block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004; 29:534–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Lecamwasam H, Mayfield J, Rosow L, Chang Y, Carter C, Rosow C. Stimulation of the posterior cord predicts successful infraclavicular block. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1564–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bloc S, Garnier T, Komly B, et al. Single-stimulation, low-volume infraclavicular plexus block: influence of the evoked distal motor response on success rate. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:433–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gaertner E, Estebe JP, Zamfir A, Cuby C, Macaire P. Infraclavicular plexus block: multiple injection versus single injection. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:590–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rodriguez J, Barcena M, LagunillaJ, Alvarez J. Increased success rate with infraclavicular brachial plexus block using a dual-injection technique. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16:251–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Rodriguez J, Barcena M, Taboada-Muniz M, Lagunilla J, Alvarez J. A comparison of single versus multiple injections on the extent of anesthesia with coracoid infraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:1225–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fuzier R, Fourcade O, Fuzier V, Albert N, Samii K, Olivier M. Double- vs. single-injection infraclavicular plexus block in the emergency setting: higher success rate with lower volume of local anaesthetic. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23:271–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Minville V, Asehoune K, Chassery C, et al. Resident versus staff anesthesiologist performance: coracoid approach to infraclavicular brachial plexus blocks using a double-stimulation technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30:233–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Marhofer P, Sitzwohl C, Greher M, Kapral S. Ultrasound guidance for infraclavicular brachial plexus anaesthesia in children. Anaesthesia 2004; 59:642–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hill DA, Campbell WI. Two approaches to the axillary brachial plexus. Loss of resistance to saline or paraes-thesia? Anaesthesia 1992; 47:207–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Baranowski AP, Pither CE. A comparison of three methods of axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:362–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tuominen MK, Pitkanen MT, Numminen MK, Rosenberg PH. Quality of axillary brachial plexus block. Comparison of success rate using perivascular and nerve stimulator techniques. Anaesthesia 1987; 42:20–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rodriguez J, Carceller J, Barcena M, Pedraza I, Calvo B, Alvarez J. Cold saline is more effective than room temperature saline in inducing paresthesia during axillary block. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:329–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Rodriguez J, Barcena M, Alvarez J. Axillary brachial plexus anesthesia: electrical versus cold saline stimulation. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:752–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Youssef MS, Desgrand DA. Comparison of two methods of axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60:841–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Hesselbjerg L, Fejlberg V. Comparison of transarterial and multiple nerve stimulation techniques for an initial axillary block by 45 mL of mepivacaine 1% with adrenaline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42:570–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Turkan H, Baykal B, Ozisik T. Axillary brachial plexus blockade: an evaluation of three techniques. Mil Med 2002; 167:723–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pere P, Pitkanen M, Tuominen M, Edgren J, Rosenberg PH. Clinical and radiological comparison of perivascular and transarterial techniques of axillary brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70:276–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Nielsen PR, Nielsen SL, Gardi T, Hermann C. Comparison of transarterial and multiple nerve stimulation techniques for axillary block using a high dose of mepivacaine with adrenaline. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999; 43:398–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hickey R, Hoffman J, Tingle LJ, Rogers JN, Ramamurthy SJ. Comparison of the clinical efficacy of three perivascular techniques for axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth 1993; 18:335–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Jones TS. Comparison of axillary block techniques: is there a difference in success rates? AANA J 1997; 65:257–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Rotboll Nielsen P, Sorensen T, Stenor M. Low dose axillary block by targeted injections of the terminal nerves. Can J Anesth 1999; 46:658–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Goldberg ME, Gregg C, Larijani GE, Norris MC, Marr AT, Seltzer JL. A comparison of three methods of axillary approach to brachial plexus blockade for upper extremity surgery. Anesthesiology 1987; 66:814–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rucci FS, Pippa P, Boccaccini A, Barbagli R. Effect of injection speed on anaesthetic spread during axillary block using the orthogonal two-needle technique. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1995; 12:505–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sia S, Bartoli M, Lepri A, Marchini O, Ponsecchi P. Multiple-injection axillary brachial plexus block: a comparison of two methods of nerve localization-nerve stimulation versus paresthesia. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:647–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rucci FS, Boccaccini A, Doni L, Pippa P. The orthogonal two-needle technique: a new axillary approach to the brachial plexus. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1995; 12:333–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rodriguez J, Taboada M, Del Rio S, Barcena M, Alvarez J. A comparison of four stimulation patterns in axillary block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30:324–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Koschielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Christensen LQ, Pedersen HL, Brusho J. Effect of digital pressure on the neurovascular sheath during perivascular axillary block. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75:702–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. LavoieJ, Martin R, TetraultJP, Cote DJ, Colas MJ. Axillary plexus block using a peripheral nerve stimulator: single or multiple injections. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39:583–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Stens-Pedersen HL, Lippert FK. Readiness for surgery after axillary block: single or multiple injection techniques. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1997; 14:164–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Inberg P, Annila I, Annila P. Double-injection method using peripheral nerve stimulator is superior to single injection in axillary plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999; 24:509–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Carre P, Joly A, Cluzel Field B, Wodey E, Lucas MM, Ecoffey C. Axillary block in children: single or multiple injection? Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10:35–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Rodriguez J, Taboada M, Valino C, Barcena M, Alvarez J. A comparison of stimulation patterns in axillary block: part 2. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:202–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sia S, Lepri A, Ponzecchi P. Axillary brachial plexus block using peripheral nerve stimulator: a comparison between double- and triple-injection techniques. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26:499–503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Coventry DM, Barker KF, Thomson M. Comparison of two neurostimulation techniques for axillary brachial plexus blockade. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86:80–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Sia S, Bartoli M. Selective ulnar nerve localization is not essential for axillary brachial plexus block using a multiple nerve stimulation technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001; 26:12–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sia S. A comparison of injection at the ulnar and the radial nerve in axillary block using triple stimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:514–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Sia S, Lepri A, Magherini M, Doni L, Di Marco P, Gritti G. A comparison of proximal and distal radial nerve motor responses in axillary block using triple stimulation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30:458–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sites BD, Beach ML, Spence BC, et al. Ultrasound guidance improves the success rate of a perivascular axillary plexus block. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50:678–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Guntz E, Herman P, Delbos A, Sonowski M. The radial nerve should be blocked before the ulnar nerve during a brachial plexus block at the humeral canal. Can J Anesth 2004; 51:354–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ortells-Polo MA, Garcia-Guiral M, Garcia-Amigueti FJ, Carral-Olondris JN, Garcia-Godino T, Aguiar-Mojarro JA. Brachial plexus anesthesia: results of a modified perivascular supraclavicular technique (Spanish). Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1996; 43:94–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Nitta K, Yamamoto K, Itoh H, Ohmura S, Kobayashi T Comparison of transarterial technique and paresthesia technique of axillary brachial plexus block (Japanese). Masui 1998; 47:156–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Neuburger M, Kaiser H, Rembold-Schuster I, Landes H. Vertical infraclavicular brachial-plexus blockade. A clini cal study of reliability of a new method for plexus anesthesia of the upper extremity (German). Anaesthesist 1998; 47:595–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. DesbordesJ, Mille FX, Adnet P, Boittiaux P, Forget AP. Brachial plexus anesthesia via an axillary route for emergency surgery: comparison of three approach methods (French). Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1998; 17:674–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Caputo F, Ventura R. Brachial plexus block. Effect of low interscalenic approach on phrenic nerve paresis (Italian). Minerva Anestesiol 2000; 66:195–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Liu FC, LiouJT, Tsai YF, Li AH, Day YY, Hui YL, Lui PW. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block: a comparative study with nerve stimulator-guided method (Chinese). Chang Gung Med J 2005; 28:396–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Sarradell Catalan AS, Moncho Rodriguez JM, Santos Carnes JA, Herrero Car bo R, Villanueva Ferrer JA, Masdeu Castellvi J. Axillary brachial plexus anesthesia, how many nerve stimulation responses do we look for? (Spanish). Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2001; 48:356–63.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Che XH, Liang WM, Chen JY. Triple-injection axillary brachial plexus block: a comparison of two nerve-localization techniques, nerve stimulation versus paresthesia (Chinese). Acta Acad Med Shanghai 2005; 32:529–35.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Handoll HH, Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ. Single, double or multiple injection techniques for axillary brachial plexus block for hand, wrist or forearm surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1:CD003842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesia, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, 1650 Ave Cedar, H3G 1A4, D10-144, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

    Quang Hieu De Tran, Antonio Clemente, Julian Doan & Roderick J. Finlayson

Authors
  1. Quang Hieu De Tran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Antonio Clemente
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Julian Doan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Roderick J. Finlayson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Quang Hieu De Tran.

Additional information

Competing interests: There were no direct funding sources associated with the preparation of this manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tran, Q.H.D., Clemente, A., Doan, J. et al. Brachial plexus blocks: a review of approaches and techniques. Can J Anesth 54, 662–674 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03022962

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03022962

Keywords

Search

Navigation