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Leukaemia, malignancies and other late effects following administration of Thorotrast

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Summary

A study was made of Portuguese who had, been injected with the radioactive contrast medium “Thorotrast” between 1930 and 1955; a control population matched for age and sex but injected with a non-radioactive contrast medium served for comparison. The study showed a gross excess, primarily in the liver, of the nearly “thorotrast specific” haemangioendotheliomata; there were a large number of other “local” lesions and tumours at the site of thorotrast injection and retention. Two and possibly three primary bone tumours had been observed in the thorotrast population. That was excessive but represents a much smaller incidence and risk than had been predicted. The incidence of lung cancer must be regarded as equivocal owing to the small numbers and lack of information on tobacco usage.

Thorotrast was demonstrated to be the most effective human leukaemogen yet reported. The fatal blood dyscrasias that occurred following the systemic administration of thorotrast are qualitatively like those following the therapeutic irradiation of ankylosing spondylitis. They differ in that

  1. a)

    the time from thorotrast injection to the frank appearance of disease was about three times as long (20 years) as in the case of the external irradiation induced myeloproliferative disease (5–7 years)

  2. b)

    the risk of developing a fatal blood dyscrasia is very much greater after thorotrast than after external irradiation.

The results of this investigation suggest that local human “cancerisation” can occur. In addition the radiation-leukaemia “risk” estimates which can be derived from the data now reported and available, are important contributions to the sum of available human radiation risk data on leukaemia. In particular they are significant for human internal (alpha and beta) bone and bone marrow dose-effect evaluation and extrapolation.

Zusammenfassung

Eine portugiesische Population, die zwischen 1930 und 1965 mit dem radioaktiven Kontrastmittel Thorotrast injiziert wurde, konnte mit einer nach Alter und Geschlecht entsprechenden Population verglichen werden, der ein nicht radioaktives Kontrastmittel injiziert worden war. Es ergab sich ein starker Überschuß von so gut wie „Thorotra-stspezifischen“ Hämangioendotheliomen in erster Linie der Leber sowie eine große Zahl von anderen „lokalen“ Veränderungen am Ort der Thorotrast-Injektion und -Speicherung. Zwei — öglzicherweise drei — primäre Knochentumoren wurden in der Thorotrast-Population beobachtet, was ebenfalls exzessiv erscheint, aber doch ein geringeres Risiko darstellt als vorausgesagt war. Der Befund von Lungenkrebs muß wegen der geringen Fallzahl als zweifelhaft angesehen werden.

Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, daß Thorotrast das wirksamste bis jetzt bekannte Leukämogen für den Menschen darstellt. Die tödlichen Bluterkrankungen nach Thorotrast sind qualitativ dieselben wie diejenigen nach therapeutischer Bestrahlung von ankylosierender Spondylose. Sie unterscheiden sich jedoch darin, daß

  1. a)

    die Zeit von der Thorotrast-Injektion bis zum Sichtbarwerden der Erkrankungen etwa dreimal so lang ist (20 Jahre) wie nach Bestrahlung (5–7 Jahre) und

  2. b)

    daß das Risiko einer Entwicklung einer tödlichen Blutkrankheit viel größer ist nach Thorotrast als nach Bestrahlung.

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da Silva Horta, J., Abbatt, J.D., da Motta, L.C. et al. Leukaemia, malignancies and other late effects following administration of Thorotrast. Z. Krebsforsch. 77, 202–216 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02570686

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