Abstract
The old (7 Gyr) open cluster NGC 188 has yielded a wealth of astrophysical insight into its rich blue straggler population. Specifically, the NGC 188 blue stragglers are characterised by:
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A binary frequency of 80 % for orbital periods less than 104 days;
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Typical orbital periods around 1,000 days;
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Typical secondary star masses of 0.5 M⊙;
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At least some white dwarf companion stars;
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Modestly rapid rotation;
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A bimodal radial spatial distribution;
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Dynamical masses greater than standard stellar evolution masses (based on short-period binaries);
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Underluminosity for dynamical masses (short-period binaries).
Extensive N-body modeling of NGC 188 with empirical initial conditions reproduces the properties of the cluster, and in particular the main-sequence solar-type binary population. The current models also reproduce well the binary orbital properties of the blue stragglers, but fall well short of producing the observed number of blue stragglers. This deficit could be resolved by reducing the frequency of common-envelope evolution during Roche lobe overflow. Both the observations and the N-body models strongly indicate that the long-period blue-straggler binaries—which dominate the NGC 188 blue-straggler population—are formed by asymptotic-giant (primarily) and red-giant mass transfer onto main-sequence stars. The models suggest that the few non-velocity-variable blue stragglers formed from mergers or collisions. Several remarkable short-period double-lined binaries point to the importance of subsequent dynamical exchange encounters, and provide at least one example of a likely collisional origin for a blue straggler.
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Notes
- 1.
Our previous papers identified 21 blue stragglers. Recently we found an error in the photometry for WOCS ID 1947 in Platais et al. (2003). In fact star 1947 is a giant; data from the AAVSO Photometric All Sky Survey (APASS) yield V = 12. 54 and \((B - V ) = 1.29\). We have updated appropriately all of the figures and accounting here. We also note that there are two proper-motion members (WOCS IDs 4230 and 4447 from Platais et al. 2003) in the blue-straggler region of the colour-magnitude diagram for which we are unable to derive precise radial-velocity measurements due to rapid rotation. Both stars are likely members ( ≥ 90 %) based on proper motions. Our mean radial velocities for both stars place them somewhat outside of the cluster velocity distribution, but we are not sufficiently confident in the radial-velocity measurement errors to report on their membership probability. WOCS ID 4230 is an X-ray source (S27, Gondoin 2005) and a radial-velocity variable. WOCS ID 4447 does not appear to be a radial-velocity variable.
- 2.
We gratefully acknowledge the extensive radial-velocity observations of Hugh Harris and Robert McClure and their collaborators Roger Griffin and James Gunn, who from 1973 through 1996, executed a radial-velocity survey of 77 stars in NGC 188 and kindly merged their data with ours.
- 3.
Our Monte Carlo analysis indicates a detection limit for binaries of 104 days, and a completeness limit for binary orbital solutions of 3,000 days (Geller and Mathieu 2012).
- 4.
One of the orbital solutions has not been previously published. The orbital parameters for WOCS ID 8104 are given in Table 3.1.
- 5.
Given our spectral resolution of 20 km s−1, we only measure upper limits for stars with vsini < 10 km s−1.
- 6.
The colour-magnitude locations found for the stars in the eclipsing binary are substantially different between van den Berg et al. (2001) and Sandquist et al. (2003), largely the result of Sandquist et al. (2003) including spectroscopically derived effective temperatures in their analyses. This system merits additional careful study.
- 7.
To get a sense of the diverse dynamical stories possible for blue stragglers in clusters, the reader is recommended to the short stories told in Table 5 of Hurley et al. (2002). Case 1613 is a particular favorite of the authors.
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Mathieu, R.D., Geller, A.M. (2015). The Blue Stragglers of the Old Open Cluster NGC 188. In: Boffin, H., Carraro, G., Beccari, G. (eds) Ecology of Blue Straggler Stars. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 413. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44434-4_3
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