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Handbook of the Protists pp 1–33Cite as

Radiolaria and Phaeodaria

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Abstract

Polycystina (~400–800 living species and several thousand extinct forms) and Phaeodaria (~400–500 living species) are exclusively marine, open-ocean planktonic protists, most of which possess elaborate siliceous skeletons. The cytoplasm is divided into an internal part (endoplasm) separated from the external, more vacuolated one (ectoplasm) by a perforated membrane – the central capsule. The Polycystina protrude long and slender cytoplasmic projections (axopodia) supported internally by a rigid central rod (axoneme); while the Phaeodria have a network of peripheral finely interconnected pseudopodia. A few Polycystina are colonial, but most, as well as all Phaeodaria, are solitary, around 40 μm to almost 2 mm in size. Most polycystine species peak in abundance between 0 and 100 m, whereas phaeodarians tend to live deeper, often below 300 m. Polycystines have a rich fossil record dating from the Cambrian and are important for stratigraphic, paleoecologic, and evolutionary studies. The world-wide biogeography and diversity of radiolarians is chiefly governed by water temperature. Radiolarian prey includes bacteria, algae, protozoa, and microinvertebrates. Many surface-dwelling species of Polycystina possess symbiotic algae and photosynthetic cyanobacteria that provide nourishment to the host. Some colonial radiolaria reproduce by binary fission of the central capsules. Sexual reproduction of polycystines or Phaeodaria has not been confirmed, but the release of motile swarmers, likely gametes, has been widely documented. In species with a radial symmetry (Spumellaria) shell-growth is centrifugal, whereas in the Nassellaria the internal cephalic elements and the cephalis appear first. Individual longevity is estimated to range between 2 and 3 weeks and 1–2 months.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Demetrio Boltovskoy

  2. Earth and Environmental Sciences, Biology and Paleo Environment, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, 1000, Palisades, NY, USA

    O. Roger Anderson

  3. Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar (Instituto Universitario Naval), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Nancy M. Correa

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  1. Demetrio Boltovskoy
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Correspondence to Demetrio Boltovskoy .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    John M. Archibald

  2. Department of Biology Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Alastair G.B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Mole, Dalhousie University Department of Biochemistry and Mole, HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Claudio H. Slamovits

  4. Ashland, Oregon, USA

    Lynn Margulis

  5. Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln Biozentrum Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Michael Melkonian

  6. Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, University of California Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    David J. Chapman

  7. Libertyville, Illinois, USA

    John O. Corliss

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Boltovskoy, D., Anderson, O.R., Correa, N.M. (2017). Radiolaria and Phaeodaria. In: Archibald, J., et al. Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-2

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  1. Latest

    Radiolaria and Phaeodaria
    Published:
    22 March 2017

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-2

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    Radiolaria and Phaeodaria
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    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-1

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