Abstract
The remarkable ability of a warm-blooded animal to regulate its body temperature makes it relatively independent of the thermal conditions of the external environment. Every living organism produces heat which may be stored or given off to the environment. This condition allows an animal to reach a “steady state” of thermal exchange with its surroundings. In the homeothermic animal, heat production and heat loss are regulated to maintain internal body temperature within narrow limits over a wide range of environmental conditions. This thermohomeostasis is achieved in animals by two principal systems, namely behavioral and autonomic. In man these include regulation of heat loss, and of heat production. The heat loss regulation involves the choice of clothing, artificial environments, alterations in the skin blood flow, and variation in the level of evaporative heat loss by sweating. Heat production can be modified by altering the level of basal heat production by shivering or nonshivering thermogenesis, and by voluntary muscular activity. Deviations of about 2°C in central body temperature from the normal level, in general, do not seriously impair body function in man. Increases above this range can lead to convulsions, particularly in infants, and a further increase may cause death. If body temperature falls below normal limits (hypothermia), nervous system function is depressed, leading to a loss of consciousness and impairment of thermoregulation itself. As temperature falls even further, the coordinated contraction of heart muscle is disrupted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Artunkal, A. A., and Marley, E., 1974, Hyper-and hypothermic effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and their potentiation by indomethacin, in chicks, J. Physiol. 242:141.
Atkins, E., 1964, Elevation of body temperature in disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 121:26.
Baird, J. A., Hales, J. R. S., and Lang, W. J., 1974, Thermoregulatory responses to the injection of monoamines, acetylcholine and prostaglandins into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the echidna, J. Physiol. 236:539.
Barker, J. L., and Levitan, H., 1971, Salicylate: Effect on membrane permeability of molluscan neurons, Science 172:1245.
Beckman, A. L., and Roskowska-Ruttimann, E., 1974, Hypothalamic and septal neuronal responses to iontophoretic application of salicylate in rats, Neuropharmacology 13:393.
Beleslin, D. B., and Myers, R. D., 1971, Release of an unknown substance from brain structures of unanaesthetized monkeys and cats, Neuropharmacology 10:121.
Bergström, S., Farnebo, L. A., and Fuxe, K., 1973, Effect of prostaglandin E2 on central and peripheral catecholamine neurons, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 21:362.
Bligh, J., and Milton, A. S., 1973, The thermoregulatory effects of prostaglandin E1 when infused into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the Welsh mountain sheep at different ambient temperatures, J. Physiol. 229:30P.
Bligh, J., Cottle, W. H., and Maskrey, M., 1971, Influence of ambient temperature on the thermoregulatory responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine injected into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep, goats and rabbits, J. Physiol. 212:377.
Brody, M. J., and Kadowitz, P. J., 1974, Prostaglandins as modulators of the autonomic nervous system, Fed. Proc. 33:48.
Cabanac, M., 1970, Interaction of cold and warm temperature signals in the brain stem, in: Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation (J. D. Hardy, A. P. Gagge, and J. A. J. Stolwijk, eds.), p. 549, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, III.
Cabanac, M., Stolwijk, J. A. J., and Hardy, J. D., 1968, Effect of temperature and pyrogens on single-unit activity in the rabbit’s brain stem, J. Appl. Physiol. 24:645.
Cabanac, M., Duclaux, R., and Gillet, A., 1970, Thermoregulation comportementale chez le chien: Effets de la fièvre et de la thyroxine, Physiol. Behav. 5:697.
Chai, C. Y., and Lin, M. T., 1975, Hypothermic effect of sodium acetysalicylate on afebrile monkeys, Br. J. Pharmacol. 54:475.
Chambers, W. W., Koenig, H., Koenig, R., and Windue, W. F., 1949, Site of action in the central nervous system of bacterial pyrogen, Am. J. Physiol. 159:209.
Clark, W. G., and Cumby, H. R., 1975, Effects of prostaglandin antagonist SC-19220 on body temperature and on hyperthermic responses to prostaglandin E1 and leucocytic pyrogen in the cat, Prostaglandins 9:361.
Coceani, F., 1974, Prostaglandins and the Central Nervous System, Arch. Intern. Med. 133: 119.
Coceani, F., Puglisi, L., and Lavers, B., 1971, Prostaglandins and neuronal activity in spinal cord and cuneate nucleus, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 180:289.
Cooper, K. E., 1965, The role of the hypothalamus in the genesis of fever, Proc. R. Soc. Med. 58:740.
Cooper, K. E., and Veale, W. L., 1972, The effect of injecting an inert oil into the cerebral ventricular system upon fever produced by intravenous leucocyte pyrogen, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50:1066.
Cooper, K. E., and Veale, W. L., 1973, Exchange between the blood brain and cerebrospinal fluid of substances which can induce or modify febrile responses, in: The Pharmacology of Thermoregulation (Symp. San Francisco, 1972), p. 278, Karger, Basel.
Cooper, K. E., and Veale, W. L., 1974, Fever, an abnormal drive to the heat-conserving and-producing mechanisms? in: Recent Studies of Hypothalamic function (Int. Symp. Calgary, 1973) (K. E. Cooper and K. Lederis, eds.), p. 391, Karger, Basel.
Cooper, K. E., Cranston, W. I., and Snell, E. S., 1964, Temperature regulation during fever in man, Clin. Sci. 27:345.
Cooper, K. E., Cranston, W. I., and Honour, A. J., 1965, Effects of intraventricular and intra hypothalamic injection of noradrenaline and 5-HT on body temperature in conscious rabbits, J. Physiol. (London) 181:852.
Cooper, K. E., Cranston, W. I., and Honour, A. J., 1967, Observations on the site and mode of action of pyrogens in the rabbit brain, J. Physiol. 191:325.
Cooper, K. E., Pittman, Q. J., and Veale, W. L., 1975, Observations on the development of the “fever” mechanism in the fetus and newborn, in: Temperature Regulation and Drug Action (P. Lomax, E. Schonbaum, and J. Jacob, eds.), p. 43, Karger, Basel.
Cooper, K. E., Preston, E., and Veale, W. L., 1976a, Effects of intraventricular reserpine and atropine on fever produced by intravenous pyrogens, J. Physiol. 254:729-741.
Cooper, K. E., Veale, W. L., and Pittman, Q. J., 1976b, The pathogenesis of fever, in: Brain Dysfunction in Infantile Febrile Convulsions (M. A. B. Brazier and F. Coceani, eds.), pp. 107–115, Raven Press, New York.
Cranston, W. I., Luff, R. H., Rawlins, M. D., and Rosendorff, C., 1970, The effects of salicylate on temperature regulation in the rabbit, J. Physiol. 208:251.
Cranston, W. I., Hellon, R. F., and Mitchell, D., 1975a, Is brain prostaglandin synthesis involved in responses to cold? J. Physiol. 249:425.
Cranston, W. I., Hellon, R. F., and Mitchell, D., 1975b, Fever and brain prostaglandin release, J. Physiol. 248:27.
Cranston, W. I., Hellon, R. F., and Mitchell, D., 1975c, A dissociation between fever and prostaglandin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid, J. Physiol. 253:583.
Dey, P. K., Feldberg, W., Gupta, K. P., Milton, A. S., and Wendlandt, S., 1974, Further studies on the role of prostaglandin in fever, J. Physiol. 241:629.
Eisenman, J. S., 1969, Pyrogen-induced changes in thermosensitivity of septal and preoptic neurons, Am. J. Physiol. 216:330.
Feldberg, W., 1975, Body temperature and fever: Changes in our views during the last decade, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 191:199.
Feldberg, W., and Myers, R. D., 1963, A new concept of temperature regulation by amines in the hypothalamus, Nature (London) 200:1325.
Feldberg, W., and Myers, R. D., 1964, Effects of temperature of amines injected into the cerebral ventricles: A new concept of temperature regulation, J. Physiol. (London) 173:226.
Feldberg, W., and Myers, R. D., 1966, Appearance of 5-hydroxytryptamine and an unidentified pharmacologically active lipid acid in effluent from perfused cerebral ventricles, J. Physiol. 184:837.
Feldberg, W., and Gupta, K. P., 1973, Pyrogen fever and prostaglandinlike activity in cerebrospinal fluid, J. Physiol. 228:41.
Feldberg, W., Gupta, K. P., Milton, A. S., and Wendlandt, S., 1973, Effect of pyrogen and antipyretics on prostaglandin activity in central C.S.F. of unanaesthetized cats, J. Physiol. 234:279.
Ferraris, V. A., Derubertis, F. R., Thomas, T. H., and Wolfe, L., 1974, Release of prostaglandin by mitogen-and antigen-stimulated leucocytes in culture, J. Clin. Invest. 54:378.
Rower, R. J., and Vane, J. R., 1972, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase in brain explains the anti-pyretic activity of paracetamol (4-acetamido-phenol), Nature (London) 240:410.
Ford, D. M., 1974, A selective action of prostaglandin E1 on hypothalamic neurons in the cat which respond to brain cooling, J. Physiol. 242:142P.
Fox, R. H., and MacPherson, R. K., 1954, The regulation of body temperature during fever, J. Physiol. 125:21.
Francesconi, R. P., and Mager, M., 1975, Salicylate, tryptophan, and tyrosine hypothermia, Am. J. Physiol. 228:1431.
Hales, J. R. S., Bennett, J. W., Baird, J. A., and Fawcett, A. A., 1973, Thermoregulatory effects of prostaglandins E1, E2, F1γ, and F2γ in the sheep, Pflügers Arch. 339:125.
Hammel, H. T., 1965, Neurons and temperature regulation, in: Physiological Controls and Regulations (W. S. Yamamoto and J. R. Brobeck, eds.), p. 71, Saunders, Philadelphia.
Hamprecht, B., Jaffe, B. M., and Philpott, G. W., 1973, Prostaglandin production by neuroblastoma, glioma, and fibroblast cell lines; stimulation by N6–02′-dibutyryl adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate, FEBS Lett. 36:193.
Harvey, C. A., Milton, A. S., and Straughan, D. W., 1975, Prostaglandin E levels in cerebral spinal fluid of rabbits and the effects of bacterial pyrogen and antipyretic drugs, J. Physiol. 248:26P.
Hellon, R. F., 1967, Thermal stimulation of hypothalamic neurons in unanaesthetized rabbits, J. Physiol 193:381.
Hellon, R. F., 1970, Hypothalamic neurons responding to changes in hypothalamic and ambient temperatures, in: Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation (J. D. Hardy, A. P. Gagge, and J. A. J. Stolwijk, eds.), p. 463, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, III.
Hellon, R. F., 1975, Monoamines, pyrogens and cations: Their actions on central control of body temperature, Pharmacol. Rev. 26:289.
Higgs, G. A., and Youlten, L. J., 1972, Prostaglandin production by rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro, Br. J. Pharmacol. 44:330P.
Higgs, G. A., McCall, E., and Youlten, L. J. F., 1975, A chemotactic role for prostaglandins released from polymorphonuclear leucocytes during phagocytosis, Br. J. Pharmacol. 53:539.
Holmes, S. W., 1970, The spontaneous release of prostaglandins into the cerebral ventricles of the dog and the effect of external factors on this release, Br. J. Pharmacol. 38:653.
Holmes, S. W., and Horton, E. W., 1968, The identification of four prostaglandins in dog brain and their regional distribution in the central nervous system, J. Physiol. 195:731.
Hopkin, J. M., Horton, E. W., and Whittaker, V. P., 1968, Prostaglandin content of a particulate and supernatent fraction of rabbit brain homogenates, Nature (London) 217:71.
Horton, E. W., and Main, I. H. M., 1967, Identification of prostaglandins in central nervous tissue of the cat and chicken, Br. J. Pharmacol. 30:582.
Jackson, D. L., 1967, A hypothalamic region responsive to localized injection of pyrogens, J. Neurophysiol. 30:586.
Kataoka, K., Ramwell, P. N., and Jessop, S., 1967, Prostaglandins: Localization in subcellular particles of rat cerebral cortex, Science 157:1187.
Lomax, P., 1970, Drugs and body temperature, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 12:1.
Martin, F. H., and Baile, C. A., 1973, Feeding elicited in sheep by intrahypothalamic injections of PGE1, Experientia 29:306.
Milton, A. S., and Wendlandt, S., 1970, A possible role for prostaglandin E1 as a modulator for temperature regulation in the central nervous system of the cat, J. Physiol. (London) 207:76.
Milton, A. S., and Wendlandt, S., 1971, Effects on body temperature of prostaglandins of the A, E, and F series on injection into the third ventricle of unanaesthetized cats and rabbits, J. Physiol. (London) 218:325.
Murakami, N., and Sakata, Y., 1975, Effects of antipyretics on normothermic rabbits, Jpn. J. Physiol. 25:29.
Myers, R. D., 1970, An improved push-pull cannula system for perfusing an isolated region of the brain, Physiol. Behav. 5:243.
Myers, R. D., 1974, Handbook of Drug and Chemical Stimulation of the Brain, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Myers, R. D., and Veale, W. L., 1970, Body temperature: Possible ionic mechanism in the hypothalamus controlling the set point, Science 170:95.
Myers, R. D., and Veale, W. L., 1971, The role of sodium and calcium ions in the hypothalamus in the control of body temperature of the unanaesthetized cat, J. Physiol. 212:411.
Myers, R. D., and Waller, M. B., 1973, Differential release of acetylcholine from the hypothalamus and mesencephalon of the monkey during thermoregulation, J. Physiol. 230:273.
Myers, R. D., Tytell, M., Kawa, A., and Rudy, T., 1971, Micro-injection of 3H-norepinephrine into the hypothalamus of the rat: Diffusion into tissue and ventricles, Physiol. Behav. 7:743.
Nakayama, T., and Hardy, J. D., 1969, Unit responses in the rabbit’s brain stem to changes in brain and cutaneous temperature, J. Appl. Physiol. 27:848.
Newman, P. P., 1964, Visceral Afferent Functions of the Nervous System, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London.
Newman, P. P., and Wolstencroft, J. H., 1960, Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to heating the carotid blood, J. Physiol. 152:87.
Norton, W. T., and Poduslo, S. E., 1970, Neuronal soma and whole neuroglia of rat brain: A new isolation technique, Science 167:1144.
Parnas, I., Reinhold, R., and Fine, J., 1971, Synaptic transmission in the crayfish: Increased release of transmitter substance by bacterial endotoxin, Science 171:1153.
Philipp-Dormston, W. K., and Siegert, R., 1974, Prostaglandins of the E and F series in rabbit cerebrospinal fluid during fever induced by Newcastle disease virus, E. coli-endotoxin, or endogenous pyrogen, Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 159:279.
Pittman, Q. J., Cooper, K. E., Veale, W. L., and Van Petten, G. R., 1973, Fever in newborn lambs, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 51:868.
Pittman, Q. J., Cooper, K. E., Veale, W. L., and Van Petten, G. R., 1974, Observations on the development of the febrile response to pyrogens in sheep, Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 46:591.
Pittman, Q. J., Veale, W. L., and Cooper, K. E., 1975a, Temperature responses of lambs after centrally injected prostaglandins and pyrogens, Am. J. Physiol. 228:1034.
Pittman, Q. J., Veale, W. L., and Cooper, K. E., 1975b, Effect of prostaglandin, bacterial pyrogen and norepinephrine, injected into the hypothalamus, on thermoregulation in the newborn lamb, Neurosci, Abst. 1:301.
Pittman, Q. J., Veale, W. L., and Cooper, K. E., 1976, Observations on the effect of salicylate in fever and the regulation of body temperature against cold, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 54:101-106.
Polk, D. L., and Lipton, J. M., 1975, Effects of sodium salicylate, aminopyrine and chlorpromazine on behavioral temperature regulation, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3:167.
Poulain, P., and Carette, B., 1974, Iontophoresis of prostaglandins on hypothalamic neurons, Brain Res. 79:311.
Ramwell, P. W., and Shaw, J. E., 1966, Spontaneous and evoked release of prostaglandins from the cerebral cortex of anaesthetized cats, Am. J. Physiol. 211:125.
Ramwell, P. W., Shaw, J. E., and Jessop, R., 1966, Spontaneous and evoked release of prostaglandins from frog spinal cord, Am. J. Physiol. 211:998.
Ranson, S. W. Jr., Clarke, G., and Magoun, H. W., 1939, Effect of hypothalamic lesions on fever induced by intravenous injection of typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 25:160.
Repin, I. S., and Kratskin, I. L., 1967, An analysis of hypothalamic mechanisms of fever, Fiziol. Zh. SSSR 53:1206.
Rosendorff, C., and Cranston, W. I., 1968, Effects of salicylate on human temperature regulation, Clin. Sci. 35:81.
Rosendorff, C., and Mooney, J. J., 1971, Central nervous system sites of action of a purified leucocyte pyrogen, Am. J. Physiol. 220:597.
Samuelsson, B., 1964, Identification of a smooth muscle-stimulating factor in bovine brain, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 84:218.
Sanner, J. H., 1974, Substances that inhibit the actions of prostaglandins, Arch. Intern. Med. 133:133.
Satinoff, E., 1972, Salicylate: Action on normal body temperature in rats, Science 176:532.
Schoener, E. P., and Wang, S. C., 1974, Effects of leucocytic pyrogen and Na aspirin on PO/AH neurons in cats, Fed. Proc. 33:458.
Stitt, J. T., 1973, Prostaglandin E1 fever induced in rabbits, J. Physiol. 232:163.
Stitt, J. T., and Hardy, J. D., 1972, Evidence that prostaglandin E1 may be a mediator in pyrogenic fever in rabbits, Biometeorology 5:112.
Stitt, J. T., and Hardy, J. D., 1975, Microelectrophoresis of PGE1 onto single units in the rabbit hypothalamus, Am. J. Physiol. 229:240.
Tanner, J. M., 1951, The relation between serum cholesterol and physique in healthy young men, J. Physiol. 115:371.
Thauer, R., 1970, Thermosensitivity of the spinal cord, in: Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation (J. D. Hardy, A. P. Gagge, and J. A. I. Stolwijk, eds.), p. 472, Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, III.
Thompson, R. H., Hammel, H. T., and Hardy, J. D., 1959, Calorimetric studies in temperature regulation: The influence of cold, neutral, and warm environment upon pyrogenic fever in normal and hypothalectomized dogs, Fed. Proc. 18:159.
Vane, J. R., 1971, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs, Nature (London) New Biol. 231:232.
Veale, W. L., 1972, A stereotaxic method for the push-pull perfusion of discrete regions of brain tissue of the unanaesthetized rabbit, Brain Res. 42:479.
Veale, W. L., and Cooper, K. E., 1973, Species differences in the pharmacology of temperature regulation, in: The Pharmacology of Thermoregulation (E. Schönbaum and P. Lomax, eds.), p. 289, Karger, Basel.
Veale, W. L., and Cooper, K. E., 1974a, Evidence for the involvement of prostaglandins in fever, in: Recent Studies of Hypothalamic Function (K. Lederis and K. E. Cooper, eds.), p. 359, Karger, Basel.
Veale, W. L., and Cooper, K. E., 1974b, Prostaglandin in cerebrospinal fluid following perfusion of hypothalamic tissue, J. Appl. Physiol. 37:942.
Veale, W. L., and Cooper, K. E., 1975, Comparison of sites of action of prostaglandin E and leucocyte pyrogen in brain, in: Temperature Regulation and Drug Action (P. Lomax, E. Schönbaum and J. Jacob, eds.), p. 218, Karger, Basel.
Veale, W. L., and Whishaw, I. Q., 1976, Body temperature responses at different ambient temperatures following injections of prostaglandin E1, and noradrenaline into the brain, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 4:143-150.
Villabianca, J., and Myers, R. D., 1965, Fever produced by microinjection of typhoid vaccine into hypothalamus of cats, Am. J. Physiol. 208:703.
Vogt, M., 1954, The concentration of sympathin in different parts of the central nervous system under normal conditions and after administration of drugs, J. Physiol. 123:451.
Wit, A., and Wang, S. C., 1968, Temperature-sensitive neurons in preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region: Actions of pyrogen and acetylsalicylate, Am. J. Physiol. 215:1160.
Wolfe, L. S., Coceani, F., and Pace-Asciak, C., 1967, Brain prostaglandins on the isolated rat stomach, in: Prostaglandins, Nobel Symposium 2 (S. Bergström and B. Samuelsson, eds.), p. 265, Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Veale, W.L., Cooper, K.E., Pittman, Q.J. (1977). Role of Prostaglandins in Fever and Temperature Regulation. In: Ramwell, P.W. (eds) The Prostaglandins. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8055-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8055-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8057-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8055-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive