1 Introduction
During the era of prebiotic evolution, which culminated in the appearance of cellular life forms, the earth had a reducing atmosphere. Fueled by volcanic activity and by magmatic outgassing, levels of atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) may have been as high as 1% (Walker, 1977; Kasting, 1993). Various evolutionary scenarios envisage primeval life forms with H2-based metabolism, e.g., ur-methanogens or ur-sulfate reducers (Stetter, 1992; Wächtershäuser, 1992; Edwards, 1998). With the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis (a process which may have originated as early as 3.5 billion years ago), oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere and hydrogen levels decreased (Walker, 1977; Hayes, 1983; Blankenship, 1992; Kasting et al., 1992; Nisbet and Fowler, 1999). Concomitantly, strictly H2-dependent organisms retreated to restricted habitats. Nevertheless, H2continues to be an important and widespread metabolite in both the archaeal and bacterial realms of the microbial world,...
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Schwartz, E., Friedrich, B. (2006). The H2-Metabolizing Prokaryotes. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30742-7_17
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