Regular Article4-Aminopyridine Reverses Saxitoxin (STX)- and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Induced Cardiorespiratory Depression in Chronically Instrumented Guinea Pigs☆
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2021, Autoimmunity ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Neostigmine has been used in TTX poisoning, yet the evidence regarding the efficacy of this treatment is at best conflicting [61,62]. On the other hand, 4-aminopyridine can apparently reverse the flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure produced by STX or TTX in rats and guinea pigs, though no such studies have included human subjects [57,63–65]. The ingestion of the green or ripe fruit of the buckthorn shrub, mostly found in the South of the USA, Mexico, and Central America, may lead to neurological symptoms such as progressive symmetric ascending flaccid paralysis (at times limited to the lower limbs), which in severe instances culminates in bulbar palsy and eventual death [46,66–68].
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2015, Sensors and Actuators, B: ChemicalCitation Excerpt :STX is primarily produced by the eukaryotic dinoflagellates, belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, and Pyrodinium [2–4]. Usually, STX is carried by filter-feeding bivalves such as butter clam, cherrystone clam, sea scallop, and mussel [5]. TTX is another typical neurotoxin which is believed to be expressed by several species of bacteria [6].
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