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Sulfur Amino Acids

  • Chapter
Metabolic Reactions in the Nervous System

Abstract

Several sulfur amino acids and sulfur compounds are found in mammalian tissues. While some find their origin in the diet, other sulfur amino acids are formed in vivo from methionine in the tissues. Thus it is known that methionine is converted into homocysteine, cystathionine, cysteine, hypotaurine, and taurine. These metabolites are formed in the course of transferring a methyl group to other compounds. The mechanism of demethylation and the subsequent metabolism of the demethylated product, homocysteine, is now well established. The enzyme systems in most cases were first studied in liver preparations. The demonstration that 35S-methionine is converted into 35S-cysteine and 35S-taurine by rat brain in vitro and in vivo gave evidence that the sulfur amino acids are metabolized also in the mammalian brain. Several subsequent studies have shown similarities between the metabolism of methionine in liver and in brain, but they have also revealed some characteristic differences in the metabolism of sulfur amino acids in the brain: (1) the cystathionine and taurine concentrations are much higher in the brain than in the liver, (2) the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase is predominantly a particulate deaminated to form isethionic acid by rat brain and heart and not by liver. An interesting feature of sulfur amino acid metabolism is that many of the enzyme systems involved in the conversion of methionine into its several metabolites require pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) asacofactor. Whereas in liver this cofactor is tightly bound to some of these enzymes, the corresponding enzymes in the brain are bound loosely to this cofactor, and their activity in the brain can be demonstrated in vitro only by adding the cofactor.

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Gaitonde, M.K. (1970). Sulfur Amino Acids. In: Lajtha, A. (eds) Metabolic Reactions in the Nervous System. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7160-5_8

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