Skip to main content
Log in

Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Daily Newspaper Comics: A Time-Honored Tradition?

  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study was designed to examine gender and minority roles in daily newspaper comics. Fifty comics from four daily newspapers were sampled during a month-long period. Gender roles were found to be stereotypical; women were underrepresented, more likely than men to be married and have children, and not as likely as men to have a job. More attention was paid to women's appearance, and female characters, when they did work, had lower job status than did male characters. Activities and behaviors were also divided along gender lines. Female characters did more of the domestic work such as child care and household chores, and male characters did more yard work. Female characters were more verbally aggressive, and most of the physical aggression was confined to “adult dramas” where men dominated. Minorities were basically nonexistent, save for a few strips that included or focused upon African Americans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Allen, K., & Coltrane, S. (1996). Gender displaying television commercials: A comparative study of television commercials in the 1950s and 1980s. Sex Roles, 35, 185–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astor, D. (1992, October 3). Many comics getting up in years. Editor and Publisher, pp. 30–32.

  • Astor, D. (1988, October 8). They say the comics are too White. Editor and Publisher, pp. 40–42.

  • Astor, D. (1995, May 15). A look at the state of comics as they enter their second century. Editor and Publisher, pp. 39–41.

  • Astor, D. (1998a, December 5). Diversity push makes the comics a little less White. Editor and Publisher, pp. 34–35.

  • Astor, D. (1998b, March 7). Garfield and Dilbert tops in top papers. Editor and Publisher, pp. 36–37.

  • Astor, D. (1999a, June 5). Comic fans angered by Globe ombudsman piece. Editor and Publisher, p. 31.

  • Astor, D. (1999b, October 9). Boondocks artist still living on the edge of controversy. Editor and Publisher, pp. 47–48.

  • Astor, D. (1999c, October 30). Cartoonists drawing more topical comics as century draws to a close. Editor and Publisher, pp. 36–37.

  • Astor, D. (2000, January 10). King features six women in one cartoon package. Editor and Publisher, p. 34.

  • Astor, D. (2003, December 1). A poll model for comics sections? Editor and Publisher, p. 33.

  • Baptista-Fernandez, P., & Greenberg, B. S. (1980). The context, characteristics and communication behaviors of blacks on television. In B. S. Greenberg (Ed.), Life on television (pp. 13–21). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brabant, S. (1976). Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics. Sex Roles, 2, 331–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brabant, S., & Mooney, L. (1986). Sex role stereotyping in the Sunday comics: Ten years later. Sex Roles, 14, 141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretl, D. J., & Cantor, J. (1988). The portrayal of men and women in U.S. television commercials: A recent content analysis and trends over 15 years. Sex Roles, 18, 595–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busby, L. J. (1975). Sex-role research on the mass media. Journal of Communication, 25, 107–131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busby, L. J., & Leichty, G. (1993). Feminism and advertising in traditional and nontraditional women's magazines 1950s–1980s. Journalism Quarterly, 70, 247–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chavez, D. (1985). Perpetuation of gender inequality: A content analysis of comic strips. Sex Roles, 13, 93–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elasmar, M., Hasegawa, K., & Brain, M. (1999). The portrayal of women in U.S. prime time television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(1), 20–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante, C. L., Haynes, A. M., & Kingsley, S. M. (1988). Image of women in television advertising. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 32, 231–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, B., & Kahn, S. (1970). Blacks in Playboy cartoons. Journalism Quarterly, 47, 557–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, B. S., Edison, N., Korzenny, F., Fernandez-Collado, C., & Atkin, C. K. (1980). Antisocial and prosocial behaviors on television. In B. S. Greenberg (Ed.), Life on television (pp. 99–128). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Jackson-Beeck, M., Jeffries-Fox, S., & Signorielli, N. (1978). Cultural indicators: Violence profile No. 9. Journal of Communication, 29, 176–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 17–40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glascock, J. (2001). Gender roles on prime-time network television: Demographics and behaviors. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 45, 656–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glascock, J. (2003). Gender, race, and aggression in newer TV networks prime time programming. Communication Quarterly, 51, 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gower, D. L. (1995). Health-related content in daily newspaper comic strips: A content analysis with implications for health education. Education, 11, 37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. W., & Aber, C. S. (1993). Women in advertisements in medical journals. Sex Roles, 28, 233–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolliffe, L., & Catlett, T. (1994). Women editors at the Seven Sisters magazines, 1965-1985: Did they make a difference? Journalism Quarterly, 71, 800–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krippendorff, K. (1980). Content analysis: An Introduction to its methodology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauzen, M. M., & Dozier, D. M. (1999). Making a difference in prime time: Women on screen and behind the scenes in the 1995-96 television season. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leppard, W., Ogletree, M., & Wallen, E. (1993). Gender stereo-typing in medical advertising: Much ado about something? Sex Roles, 29, 829–838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastro, D. E., & Greenberg, B. S. (2000). The portrayal of racial minorities on prime time television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 690–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, L., & Brabant, S. (1987). Two martinis and a rested woman: 'Liberation' in the Sunday comics. Sex Roles, 17, 409–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newspaper Association of America. (2003). Facts about newspapers: A statistical summary of the newspaper industry. Vienna, VA: Newspaper Association of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharrer, E. (2001). From wise to foolish: The portrayal of the sitcom father, 1950s–1990s. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 45, 23–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Signorielli, N., & Kahlenberg, S. (2001). Television world of work in the nineties. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 45, 4–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Signorielli, N., McLeod, D., & Healy, E. (1994). Gender stereo-types in MTV commercials: The beat goes on. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 38, 91–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, G. L., & O'Connor, P. J. (1988). Women's role portrayals in magazine advertising: 1958–1983. Sex Roles, 18, 181–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strupp, J. (2000, September 2000). New ‘E&P’ poll reveals very active readership. Editor and Publisher pp. 7–8.

  • Tan, A., & Tan, G. (1979). Television use and self-esteem of Blacks. Journal of Communication, 55, 129–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedesco, N. S. (1974). Patterns in prime time. Journal of Communication, 24, 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thibodeau, R. (1989) From racism to tokenism: The changing face of Blacks in New Yorker cartoons. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, 482–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Census 2000 summary file 1: Race and Hispanic or Latino [On-line]. Retrieved from http:// factfinder.census.gov on May 11, 2004.

  • White, S. E., & Fuentez, T. (1997). Analysis of Black images in comic strips, 1915–1995. Newspaper Research Journal, 19, 72–86.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jack Glascock.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Glascock, J., Preston-Schreck, C. Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Daily Newspaper Comics: A Time-Honored Tradition?. Sex Roles 51, 423–431 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000049231.67432.a9

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000049231.67432.a9

Navigation