Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore physique attitudes and self-presentational concerns among women who regularly participate in or instruct group aerobic classes. We were interested in conceptualizations of the ideal body, self-presentational concerns, and the influence of instructors in the group aerobics context. Five instructors and 6 exercisers participated in semi-structured interviews. Two higher order themes were identified from the interview data: (a) perceived body ideals and (b) body image experiences in the group aerobics context. Participants described the ideal body as lean and toned and attainable, but cautioned that being too muscular was unattractive and should be avoided. Exercisers experienced heightened self-presentation during aerobics more than the instructors did. Both exercisers and instructors thought that instructors should serve as body role models.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Blaine, B., & Williams, Z. (2004). Belief in the controllability of weight and attributions to prejudice among heavyweight women. Sex Roles, 51, 79–84.
Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable weight: Feminism, Western culture, and the body. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Brewer, B. W., Diehl, N. S., Cornelius, A. E., Joshua, M. D., & VanRaalte, J. L. (2004). Exercising caution: Social physique anxiety and protective self-presentational behaviour. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7, 47–55.
Cash, T. F. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 38–46). New York: Guilford.
Chambliss, H. O., Finley, C. E., & Blair, S. N. (2004). Attitudes toward obese individuals among exercise science students. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 468–474.
Chernin, K. (1981). The obsession: Reflections on the tyranny of slenderness. New York: Harper and Row.
Choi, P. Y. L. (2003). Muscle matters: Maintaining visible differences between women and men. Sexualities, Evolution and Gender, 5, 71–81.
Collins, L. (2002). Working out the contradictions. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26, 85–109.
Crandall, C. S. (1994). Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882–894.
Crawford, S., & Eklund, R. (1994). Social physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes toward exercise settings. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 70–82.
Davis, C., & Cowles, M. (1991). Body image and exercise: A study of relationships and comparisons between physically active men and women. Sex Roles, 25, 33–44.
Davis, C., Fox, J., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1995). Motivations to exercise as a function of personality characteristics, age, and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 165–174.
Davis, S. E., Dieterich, J. L., Van Meter, L. L., & Pullo, F. M. (2004). Body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and obligatory exercise among certified fitness leaders. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, S226.
Dworkin, S.L. (2001). Holding back: negotiating the glass ceiling on women's muscular strength. Sociological Perspective, 44, 333–350.
Eklund, R., & Crawford, S. (1994). Active women, social physique anxiety, and exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18, 281–295.
Evans, E., & Kennedy, C. (1993, May). The body image problem in the fitness industry. IDEA Today, 87–92.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
Fleming, J. C., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2004). The effects of commercial exercise video models on women's self-presentational efficacy and exercise task self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 92–102.
Focht, B., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2003). State anxiety responses to acute exercise in women with high social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 123–144.
Frederick, C., & Morrison, C. S. (1996). Social physique anxiety: Personality constructs, motivations, exercise attitudes, and behaviors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 963–972.
Frederick, C., & Shaw, S. (1995). Body image as a leisure constraint: Examining the experience of aerobic exercise classes for young women. Leisure Sciences, 17, 57–73.
Greenleaf, C., Starks, M., Gomez, L., Chambliss, H., & Martin, S. (2004). Weight-related words associated with figure silhouettes. Body Image, 1, 373–384.
Grogan, S. (1999). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children. London: Routledge.
Haravon, L. D. (1995). Exercise in empowerment: Toward a feminist aerobic pedagogy. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 4, 23–44.
Hausenblas, H. A., Brewer, B. W., & VanRaalte, J. L. (2004). Self-presentation and exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 3–18.
Hausenblas, H. A., & Martin, K. A. (2000). Bodies on display: Female aerobics instructors and social physique anxiety. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 9, 114.
Imm, P., & Pruitt, J. (1991). Body shape satisfaction in female exercisers and nonexercisers. Women and Health, 17, 87–96.
Katula, J. A., McAuley, E., Mihalko, S. L., & Bane, S. M. (1998). Mirror, mirror on the wall ⃛ Exercise environment influences on self-efficacy. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 319–332.
Krane, V., Choi, P. Y. L., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., & Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex Roles, 50, 315–329.
Krane, V., Waldron, J., Michalenok, J., & Stiles-Shipley, J. (2001). Body image and eating and exercise behaviors: A feminist cultural studies perspective. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 10, 17–54.
Klaczynski, P. A., Goold, K. W., & Mudry, J. J. (2004). Culture, obesity stereotypes, self-esteem, and the “thin ideal”: A social identity perspective. Journal of Youth and Adolescent Health, 33, 307–317.
Leary, M. R. (1992). Self-presentational processes in exercise and sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 339–351.
Leary, M. R. (1996). Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 34–47.
Lindeman, A. K. (1999). Quest for ideal weight: Costs and consequences. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 1135–1140.
Loland, N. W. (2000). The art of concealment in a culture of display: Aerobicizing women's and men's experiences and use of their own bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17, 111–129.
Maguire, J., & Mansfield, L. (1998). “No-body's perfect”: Women, aerobics, and the body beautiful. Sociology of Sport Journal, 15, 109–137.
Markula, P. (1995). Firm but shapely, fit but sexy, strong but thin: The postmodern aerobicizing female bodies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 424–453.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
National Sporting Goods Association. (2004). 2004 Women's participation—Ranked by percent female. Retrieved August 29, 2005 from http://www.nsga.org/public/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1325.
Olson, M. S., Williford, H. N., Richards, L. A., Brown, J. A., & Pugh, S. (1996). Self-reports on the Eating Disorder Inventory by aerobic instructors. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 1051–1058.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Philips, J. M., & Drummond, M. J. N. (2001). An investigation into the body image perception, body satisfaction, and exercise expectations of male fitness leaders: Implications for professional practice. Leisure Studies, 20, 95–105.
Rodin, J., Silberstein, L., & Striegel-Moore, R. (1985). Women and weight: A normative discontent. Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 32. Psychology and gender (pp. 267–307). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Sarwer, D. B., Magee, L., & Crerand, C. E. (2004). Cosmetic surgery and cosmetic medical treatments. In J. K. Thompson (Ed.), Handbook of eating disorders and obesity (pp. 718–737). New York: Wiley.
Schwartz, M. B., Chambliss, H. O., Brownell, K. D., Blair, S. N., & Billington, C. (2003). Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obesity Research, 11, 1033–1039.
Spink, K. S. (1992). Relation of anxiety about social physique to location of participation in physical activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 1075–1078.
Teachman, B. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: Is anyone immune? International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1–7.
Thompson, S. H., & Sargent, R. G. (2000, May). Facing eating disorders in the fitness community. IDEA Health and Fitness, 18.
Vogel, A. (1999, May). Female fit-body stereotype. Fitness Management Magazine, 15, 38–41.
Vogel, A. (2000, May/June). Body image and exercise: What's the instructor's role? American Fitness, 18, 42–44.
Wade, T. J., Loyden, J., Renninger, L., & Tobey, L. (2003). Weight halo effects: Individual differences in personality evaluations as a function of weight. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 263–268.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Greenleaf, C., McGreer, R. & Parham, H. Physique Attitudes and Self-Presentational Concerns: Exploratory Interviews with Female Group Aerobic Exercisers and Instructors. Sex Roles 54, 189–199 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9337-4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9337-4