Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Bullying Prevention: a Summary of the Report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Committee on the Biological and Psychosocial Effects of Peer Victimization: Lessons for Bullying Prevention

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Prevention Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Long tolerated as a rite of passage into adulthood, bullying is now recognized as a major and preventable public health problem. The consequences of bullying—for those who are bullied, the perpetrators of bullying, and the witnesses—include poor physical health, anxiety, depression, increased risk for suicide, poor school performance, and future delinquent and aggressive behavior. Despite ongoing efforts to address bullying at the law, policy, and programmatic levels, there is still much to learn about the consequences of bullying and the effectiveness of various responses. In 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published a report entitled Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy and Practice, which examined the evidence on bullying, its impact, and responses to date. This article summarizes the report’s key findings and recommendations related to bullying prevention.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Berlan, E. D., Corliss, H. L., Field, A. E., Goodman, E., & Austin, S. B. (2010). Sexual orientation and bullying among adolescents in the Growing up Today study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 366–371.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bogart, L. M., Elliott, M. N., Klein, D. J., Tortolero, S. R., Mrug, S., Peskin, M. F., Davies, S. L., Schink, E. T., & Schuster, M. A. (2014). Peer victimization in fifth grade and health in tenth grade. Pediatrics, 133, 440–447.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, C. P. (2015). Translating research to practice in bullying prevention. American Psychologist, 70, 322–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, C. P., & Waasdorp, T. E. (2009). Measuring and changing a “culture of bullying”. School Psychology Review, 38, 356–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59, 1–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61, 1–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014b). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(4).

  • Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 65–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, D., & Limber, S. P. (2015). Law and policy on the concept of bullying at school. American Psychologist, 70, 333–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Currie, C., Zanotti, C., Morgan, A., Currie, D., de Looze, M., Roberts, C., Samdal, O., Smith, O. R., & Barnekow, V. (2012). Social determinants of health and well-being among young people. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVoe, J. F., & Bauer, L. (2010). Student victimization in US Schools: Results from the 2007 school crime supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCES 2010–319). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVoe, J. F., & Bauer, L. (2011). Student victimization in US Schools: Results from the 2009 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Didden, R., Scholte, R. H. J., Korzilius, H., de Moor, J. M. H., Vermeulen, A., O’Reilly, M., Lang, R., & Lancioni, G. E. (2009). Cyberbullying among students with intellectual and developmental disability in special education settings. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 146–151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domitrovich, C. E., Bradshaw, C. P., Poduska, J. M., Hoagwood, K., Buckley, J. A., Olin, S., Romanelli, L. H., Leaf, P. J., Greenberg, M. T., & Ialongo, N. S. (2008). Maximizing the implementation quality of evidence-based preventive interventions in schools: A conceptual framework. Advances in School Mental Health Promotion, 1, 6–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Domitrovich, C. E., Bradshaw, C. P., Greenberg, M. T., Embry, D., Poduska, J. M., & Ialongo, N. S. (2010). Integrated models of school‐based prevention: Logic and theory. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 71–88.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta‐analysis of school‐based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 405–432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Echols, L. (2015). Social consequences of academic teaming in middle school: The influence of shared course taking on peer victimization. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107, 272–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., Bosworth, K., & Simon, T. R. (2000). Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 326–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espelage, D. L., Gutgsell, E. W., & Swearer, S. M. (2004). Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Mahwah: L. Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrington, D., & Ttofi, M. (2009). School-based programs to reduce bullying and victimization: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 5, 1–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., Hamby, S., & Kracke, K. (2012). Children’s exposure to violence: A comprehensive survey. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Available: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/248444.pdf.

  • Finkelhor, D., Turner, H.A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S.L. (2015). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Available: http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/248547.pdf.

  • Frey, K. S., Nolen, S. B., Edstrom, L. V. S., & Hirschstein, M. K. (2005). Effects of a school- based social–emotional competence program: Linking children’s goals, attributions, and behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 171–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, S. J., Horwood, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2011). Bullying victimization/perpetration in childhood and later adjustment: Findings from a 30 year longitudinal study. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3, 82–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 123, 1,059–1,065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gladden, R. M., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Hamburger, M. E., & Lumpkin, C. D. (2014). Bullying surveillance among youths: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfredson, G. D., & Gottfredson, D. C. (2001). What schools do to prevent problem behavior and promote safe environments. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12, 313–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hager, A. D., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2016). The longitudinal effects of peer victimization on physical health from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 330–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Schwab-Reese, L., Ranapurwala, S. I., Hertz, M. F., & Ramirez, M. R. (2015). Associations between antibullying policies and bullying in 25 states. JAMA Pediatrics, 169, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawker, D. S., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta‐analytic review of cross‐sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441–455.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, M. K., Kaufman Kantor, G., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). Parent/child concordance about bullying involvement and family characteristics related to bullying and peer victimization. Journal of School Violence, 8, 42–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, M. K., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Polanin, J. R., Holland, K. M., DeGue, S., Matjasko, J. L., Wolfe, M., & Reid, G. (2015). Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors: A meta- analysis. Pediatrics, 135, e496–e509.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iannotti, R. J. (2012). Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC), 2005–2006. Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iannotti, R. J. (2013). Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC), 2009–2010. Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez-Barbero, J. A., Ruiz-Hernandez, J. A., Llor-Zaragoza, L., Perez-Garcia, M., & Llor-Esteban, B. (2016). Effectiveness of anti-bullying school programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 61, 165–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2014). Bullying in schools: The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidger, J., Heron, J., Leon, D. A., Tilling, K., Lewis, G., & Gunnell, D. (2015). Self-reported school experience as a predictor of self-harm during adolescence: A prospective cohort study in the south west of England (ALSPAC). Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 163–169.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., Niemelä, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Almqvist, F., & Gould, M. S. (2009). Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: A population-based birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 254–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klomek, A. B., Kleinman, M., Altschuler, E., Marrocco, F., Amakawa, L., & Gould, M. S. (2011). High school bullying as a risk for later depression and suicidality. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 41, 501–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lereya, S. T., Copeland, W. E., Costello, E. J., & Wolke, D. (2015). Adult mental health consequences of peer bullying and maltreatment in childhood: Two cohorts in two countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 524–531.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Limber, S. P., & Small, M. A. (2003). State laws and policies to address bullying in schools. School Psychology Review, 32, 445–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindstrom-Johnson, S.R., Finigan, N.M., Bradshaw, C.P., Haynie, D.L., & Cheng, T.L. (2011). Examining the link between neighborhood context and parental messages to their adolescent children about violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 58–63.

  • McDougall, P., & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence: Pathways to adjustment and maladjustment. American Psychologist, 70, 300–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGee, T. R., Scott, J. G., McGrath, J. J., Williams, G. M., O’Callaghan, M., Bor, W., & Najman, J. M. (2011). Young adult problem behaviour outcomes of adolescent bullying. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3, 110–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrell, K. W., Gueldner, B. A., Ross, S. W., & Isava, D. M. (2008). How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research. School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 26–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minton, S. J. (2014). Prejudice and effective anti-bullying intervention: Evidence from the bullying of “minorities”. Nordic Psychology, 66, 108–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, E. O. M., Kann, L., Vivolo-Kantor, A., Kinchen, S., & McManus, T. (2014). School violence and bullying among sexual minority high school students, 2009–2011. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 432–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School. What We Know and What We Can Do. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patchin, J. W. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 244–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., Boelen, P. A., Van der Schoot, M., & Telch, M. J. (2011). Prospective linkages between peer victimization and externalizing problems in children: A meta‐analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 215–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivara, F.P., & LeMenestrel, S.M. (Eds.) (2016). Preventing bullying through science, policy and practice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/23482.

  • Ross, S. W., & Horner, R. H. (2009). Bully prevention in positive behavior support. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 747–759.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sourander, A., Jensen, P., Rönning, J. A., Elonheimo, H., Niemelä, S., Helenius, H., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I., & Almqvist, F. (2007). Childhood bullies and victims and their risk of criminality in late adolescence. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 546–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sourander, A., Brunstein, K. A., Kumpulainen, K., Puustjärvi, A., Elonheimo, H., Ristkari, T., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I., Piha, J., & Ronning, J. (2011). Bullying at age eight and criminality in adulthood: Findings from the Finnish Nationwide 1981 Birth Cohort Study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46, 1211–1219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srabstein, J. C., Berkman, B. E., & Pyntikova, E. (2008). Antibullying legislation: A public health perspective. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 11–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sticca, F., & Perren, S. (2013). Is cyberbullying worse than traditional bullying? Examining the differential roles of medium, publicity, and anonymity for the perceived severity of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 739–750.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart-Cassel, V., Bell, A., & Springer, J. F. (2011). Analysis of state bullying laws and policies. Washington D.C: Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2004). Introduction: A social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. In D. L. Espelage & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 1–12). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swearer, S. M., & Hymel, S. (2015). Understanding the psychology of bullying: Moving toward a social-ecological diathesis–stress model. American Psychologist, 70, 344–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 27–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R. (2011). Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3, 63–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ttofi, M. M., Eisner, M., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2014). Bullying prevention: Assessing existing meta-evaluations. In G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (pp. 231–242). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Education (2013). Student reports of bullying and cyber-bullying: Results from the 2011 school crime supplement to the national crime victimization survey.

  • U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Student reports of bullying and cyber-bullying: Results from the 2013 school crime supplement to the national crime victimization survey. Washington DC: US Department of Education. Available: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015056.pdf. [April 2015].

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC), 2001–2002. Health Resources and Services Administration. Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaillancourt, T., Trinh, V., McDougall, P., Duku, E., Cunningham, L., Cunningham, C., Hymel, S., & Short, K. (2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying in school-aged children. Journal of School Violence, 9, 233–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitoroulis, I., & Vaillancourt, T. (2015). Meta-analytic results of ethnic group differences in peer victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 149–170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vivolo, A. M., Holt, M. K., & Massetti, G. M. (2011). Individual and contextual factors for bullying and peer victimization: Implications for prevention. Journal of School Violence, 10, 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vreeman, R. C., & Carroll, A. E. (2007). A systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent bullying. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 161, 78–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waasdorp, T. E., Bradshaw, C. P., & Duong, J. (2011). The link between parents’ perceptions of the school and their responses to school bullying: Variation by child characteristics and the forms of victimization. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103, 324–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T. (2015). Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, 879–885.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2003). Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC), 1997–1998. Ann Arbor: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Examining characteristics and associated distress related to internet harassment: Findings from the second Youth Internet Safety Survey. Pediatrics, 118, e1,169–e1,177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by contracts between the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (200-2011-38807, Task Order 26); the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (HHSN26300072); the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSH25034018T); the Highmark Foundation (1026727); the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) of the US Department of Justice (2014-MU-MU-0011); the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (72186); the Semi J. and Ruth W. Begun Foundation; and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHSP23337031). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. The authors would like to thank members of the staff of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine who supported this project but particularly Francis Amankwah, Kelsey Geiser, and Annalee Gonzales. We also thank Kathi Grasso of the Committee on Law and Justice for her support, and Sally Cohen for her expertise in public health and policy.

Portions of this paper were reprinted with permission from “Preventing Bullying Through Science, Policy and Practice” (2016) by the National Academy of Sciences, Courtesy of the National Academies Press, Washington, DC.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Daniel J. Flannery

  2. Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Jonathan Todres

  3. Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Catherine P. Bradshaw

  4. Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Angela Frederick Amar

  5. Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Sandra Graham

  6. Socio-medical Sciences; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Mark Hatzenbuehler

  7. The Children’s Institute of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Matthew Masiello

  8. University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA

    Megan Moreno & Frederick Rivara

  9. New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Regina Sullivan

  10. Children’s Mental Health and Violence Prevention, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

    Tracy Vaillancourt

  11. Board on Children, Youth and Families, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, Washington, DC, USA

    Suzanne M. Le Menestrel

Authors
  1. Daniel J. Flannery
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jonathan Todres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Catherine P. Bradshaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Angela Frederick Amar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sandra Graham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mark Hatzenbuehler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Matthew Masiello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Megan Moreno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Regina Sullivan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Tracy Vaillancourt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Suzanne M. Le Menestrel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Frederick Rivara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel J. Flannery.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

No human subjects were involved with the conduct of this research.

Informed Consent

No human subjects were involved with the conduct of this research.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Flannery, D.J., Todres, J., Bradshaw, C.P. et al. Bullying Prevention: a Summary of the Report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Prev Sci 17, 1044–1053 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0722-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0722-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation