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Different trends of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in Madrid, Spain, among risk groups in the last decade

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Abstract

The presence of transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) threatens the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment. We aimed to assess the changes in TDR prevalence over the last decade in Madrid, Spain, to verify the role of the patients’ risk groups in these changes. We analysed the trends of TDR between 2000 and 2011 in a cohort of 1,022 naïve HIV-infected patients in Madrid, Spain, whose pol sequences were available. They included, among others, 369 heterosexuals, 340 men who have sex with men (MSM), and 90 injection drug users (IDUs). TDR was reported following the WHO mutation list. The TDR rate in the whole cohort was 8.3 %, being the highest in MSM (9.1 %) and the lowest in IDUs (4.4 %). Over time, this rate decreased significantly (to 5.4 % in 2009-2011) since the period 2004-2006, when it peaked (10.7 %). Heterosexuals and IDUs showed similar trends, but in the 2009-2011 period, the TDR rate among MSM rebounded to 9.0 % (being absent among IDUs). TDR stabilized in the last years (2007-2011) for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The risk group also determined differences in the mutational profile, sex distribution, proportion of immigrants, and viral variants. In conclusion, the risk group caused different HIV sub-epidemics, determined by the patients’ profiles. Despite the general decreasing trend in TDR, we observed a non-significant increase in TDR rate among MSM, a tendency that needs confirmation. Periodic TDR surveillance is important to prevent the widespread distribution of resistance, especially in MSM, given the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in this high-risk population.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS 09/00284). A. H. is supported by FIS and Agencia Laín Entralgo. R. D. is supported through Instituto de Salud Carlos III, grants FIS1101580 and RD12/0017. This study is included in the Subprograma de Inmigración y Salud, CIBERESP (Spain).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS) and CIBERESP, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo km. 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain

    Gonzalo Yebra & África Holguín

  2. Microbiology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain

    Rafael Delgado

  3. HIV Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain

    Federico Pulido & Rafael Rubio

  4. Microbiology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS) and CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain

    Juan Carlos Galán

  5. Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

    Santiago Moreno

Authors
  1. Gonzalo Yebra
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  2. Rafael Delgado
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  3. Federico Pulido
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  4. Rafael Rubio
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  5. Juan Carlos Galán
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  6. Santiago Moreno
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  7. África Holguín
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Correspondence to África Holguín.

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Yebra, G., Delgado, R., Pulido, F. et al. Different trends of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in Madrid, Spain, among risk groups in the last decade. Arch Virol 159, 1079–1087 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1933-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1933-y

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