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Low-Temperature Detectors for CMB Imaging Arrays

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Abstract

We review advances in low-temperature detector (LTD) arrays for cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiments, with a particular emphasis on imaging arrays. We briefly motivate the science case, which has spurred a large number of independent experimental efforts. We describe the challenges associated with CMB polarization measurements, and how these challenges impact LTD design. Key aspects of an ideal CMB polarization imaging array are developed and compared to the current state of the art. These aspects include dual-polarization sensitivity, background-limited detection over a 10:1 bandwidth ratio, and frequency-independent angular responses. Although existing technology lacks all of this capability, today’s CMB imaging arrays achieve many of these ideals and are highly advanced superconducting integrated circuits. Deployed arrays map the sky with pixels that contain elements for beam formation, polarization diplexing, passband definition in multiple frequency channels, and bolometric sensing. Several detector architectures are presented. We comment on the implementation of both transition-edge sensor bolometers and microwave kinetic inductance detectors for CMB applications. Lastly, we discuss fabrication capability in the context of next-generation instruments that call for \(\sim 10^6\) sensors.

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Notes

  1. This calculation assumes that photon noise from the CMB is the only noise source and that the noiseless detector perfectly couples to a single electromagnetic mode over the frequency range 125–165 GHz.

  2. This calculation depends slightly on the Lyot stop temperature.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Lyman Page, Roger O’Brient, Adam Anderson, and Kam Arnold for figure contributions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Quantum Sensors Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA

    J. Hubmayr, J. E. Austermann, J. A. Beall, D. T. Becker, B. Dober, S. M. Duff, J. Gao, G. C. Hilton, C. M. McKenney, J. N. Ullom, J. Van Lanen & M. R. Vissers

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  1. J. Hubmayr
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Hubmayr, J., Austermann, J.E., Beall, J.A. et al. Low-Temperature Detectors for CMB Imaging Arrays. J Low Temp Phys 193, 633–647 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-018-2029-6

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