Derivation of density and temperature from the Cassini–Huygens CAPS electron spectrometer
Introduction
During the four years following Cassini–Huygens’ successful insertion into orbit around Saturn on 1 July 2004, the planet's space environment is being studied in detail. The instrumental suite carried on board the spacecraft offers a unique opportunity to explore, in-depth, the plasma and fields environment of the planet, previously described with the help of the limited fly-by data returned by Pioneer 11 and by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft more than 20 years ago. The magnetospheric and plasma science instruments are enabling us to detail the physical and chemical processes taking place in the different regions of this complex environment, in strong interaction with all components of the planetary system: the planet itself, the rings, numerous satellites (the icy moons and Titan), and various dust, neutral, and plasma populations (Blanc et al., 2002). The spacecraft carries an electron spectrometer (ELS) which, together with the ion mass spectrometer (IMS) and the ion beam spectrometer (IBS), collectively make up the Cassini plasma spectrometer (CAPS) (Young et al., 2004). The CAPS–ELS is designed to study the low-energy electron populations observed in situ in Saturn's magnetosphere, from the micro-physical to the global scale (Linder et al., 1998, Young et al., 2004). Such studies require the characterization of the electron velocity distributions and the derivation of various bulk plasma parameters, such as density, temperature, velocity, pressure and possibly higher-order terms. Well-documented methods for obtaining these parameters from space observations have been developed and involve taking integral moments of the distribution about a three dimensional velocity space (Paschmann et al., 1998). These methods however, have been developed for spinning spacecraft where, in one revolution, the entire surrounding space is sampled. Since Cassini–Huygens is a three-axis stabilized spacecraft, this imposes strong constraints on the instrument field of view, with the CAPS–ELS instrument at best only sampling just over half of the available surrounding space. The purpose of this paper is to describe two techniques developed to derive the density and temperature of the surrounding plasma using the electron data as measured by the CAPS–ELS instrument. It will serve as a reference point for the CAPS–ELS data when they enter the public domain. The paper is organised in the following way. In Section 2, we summarize the properties of the instrument and describe the procedure used to correct the instrument's raw data (count rates) for photoelectron contamination using the electron velocity distribution (phase space density). In Section 3, we detail the first technique (the 3d method) based on the traditional integral method with the assumption that the electron distribution function is isotropic. Using this method, the electron density and temperature are obtained by taking the zeroth and second order moments of the velocity distribution function, respectively. In Section 4, we detail the second technique (the 1d method). This relies on the assumption that the velocity distribution function can be approximated by an isotropic Maxwellian. Using this method, the electron density and temperature are obtained by relating the peak energy to these values. In Section 5, we apply these techniques to saturn orbit insertion (SOI) observations and compare their results, discussing their respective advantages and limitations in the study of the different plasma regions identified by Young et al. (2005). In Section 6, we identify future improvements of these techniques and conclude our study. The methods described in the following sections are restricted by the assumption of isotropic electron distributions, and consequently, only a limited part of the information recorded by the CAPS–ELS spectrometer is used to derive electron moments. This assumption produces severe limitations on the data products obtained by the CAPS–ELS. There is scope, however, to make future improvements to the methods described here. This would include the use of measurements obtained by all anodes as well as the motion of the rotating platform in order to derive moments corresponding first to gyrotropic and then to the real electron distributions. Despite these limitations, we will show that the methods detailed here provide useful data products with reasonable level of accuracy.
Section snippets
The instrument
The CAPS–ELS is a hemispherical top-hat electrostatic analyzer (Young et al., 2004, Linder et al., 1998, Coates et al., 1996). Electrons enter a baffled collimeter structure and undergo electrostatic analysis between two concentric spherical plates. The energy resolution, for electrons exiting the analyser is . The analysed electrons then strike a microchannel plate with a gain of . The electron cloud is then accelerated towards the anode structure which determine the direction
The 3d moment method
The traditional method of computing the bulk parameters of a space plasma is well documented in many textbooks and papers, e.g. (Baumjohann and Treumann, 1999, Boyd and Sanderson, 1969). The premise of this method is to integrate a distribution function about a volume of velocity space, the basic equation of this method being:This leads to the first few moments, , which correspond to density n, bulk flow velocity and the stress tensor which, in the plasma rest
The 1d moment method
The second technique we use to estimate the electron density and temperature was first developed for CAPS–ELS by Rymer (2004). It was designed as a quick and easy way of extracting a density and temperature value from the ELS counts data and relies on the approximation that the energy distribution function can be represented by a Maxwellian given byBy inserting this expression into Eq. (1) and differentiating with respect to energy, the count rate , can be written
Application and comparison of the 1d and 3d methods
In this section we apply the 1d and 3d methods to derive electron fluid parameters from CAPS–ELS measurements obtained during SOI on June 30th and July 1st 2004 (day of year (DOY) 182 and 183). We shall use the observed, large-scale structure of the saturnian magnetosphere to compare and discuss the derived electron densities and temperatures in the corresponding magnetospheric regions.
Conclusions
In this paper we have presented the two methods currently employed to derive electron fluid parameters from the CAPS–ELS spectrometer on board the Cassini spacecraft. We have emphasized particularly, their application to Cassini SOI observations in the saturnian environment and have compared the results with each other. These two methods use very different approaches (fitting versus integrating the measured distribution function) but give satisfactory agreement when the physical properties of
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