Mechanical and thermo-fluid behaviour during unrest at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy)

doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00051-7

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

Volume 91, Issues 2–4, August 1999, Pages 453-470

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00051-7 Get rights and content

Abstract

The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) is a resurgent, nested structure resulting from the two main collapses of the Campanian Ignimbrite (37 ka) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (12 ka) eruptions. While the whole structure is affected by a broad subsidence, ongoing local resurgence and unrest occur inside the young, nested caldera structure. The caldera has shown signs of unrest during the past 30 years, with two uplift events that have generated a net displacement of 3.5 m, each followed by subsidence. The time evolution of both ground deformation and seismicity recorded in Campi Flegrei in the last 30 years (since 1969 up to the present) shows aspects not completely explainable by means of mechanical models. In particular, the occurrence of an intense seismic activity during uplift and its absence during subsidence lead us to infer that these two phases might be related to two variable mechanisms. The large amount of magma and the shallow convective fluids circulation needed to explain the very high temperature gradient (100°C/km) measured also in marginal areas of the caldera, suggest the presence of a thermo-dynamical system in supercritical conditions. We have carried out an analysis of the unrest episodes by means of 3D finite-element method, simulating the mechanical and fluid-dynamical response of a two phase medium (solid–fluid) to a sudden (stepwise) pressure or volume increase at a depth of 4 km. According to geological and geophysical constraints, in our scheme we have subdivided the caldera floor into a central and a peripheral zone. The central zone represents the resurgent block and has high permeability, while the peripheral zone is less permeable. We have performed a parametric analysis assuming both Young modulus and permeability of each zone as variables. The basic test for each solution was how well it simulates the time evolution of ground deformation during the last unrest episode (1982–1984). The results obtained clearly show that fluids diffusion accounts for some peculiar features of the ground deformation such as the variable behavior between the resurgent block and the peripheral part of the caldera floor. Subsidence is explained in terms of lateral diffusion of fluids instead of a regression of source processes. Consequently, no variation of shear stress occurs during this phase, providing a physical explanation to the absence of seismicity.

Introduction

Detection of volume and depth of a magma chamber is a crucial parameter for the hazard assessment of any volcanic area. The inversion of ground deformation data is a very useful technique for providing a first-order evaluation of size and depth of the source (magma chamber). The simplest method to achieve such evaluation was developed by Mogi (1958) for a point-like source (finite but with small dimensions: depth≫radius) within an elastic and homogeneous half-space. Walsh and Decker (1971) and Dieterich and Decker (1975) extended this method to a source with an arbitrary shape and located in a non-homogeneous but still elastic half-space by using the finite-elements method. Dvorak et al. (1986), Ewart et al. (1991) and Yang et al. (1992) supplemented and extended the usefulness of Mogi's source by using rectangular dislocations.

Ground deformation is accompanied by large ductile strain which is followed by intense crustal fracturing and seismicity. Therefore the results of an inversion based on elastic models should be considered as rough estimates. In order to get more realistic results, an interpretative mechanical model has to be constrained and fit to both structural and thermodynamical characteristics of a given volcanic area.

The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) is suitable for modeling ground deformations as it has been affected by unrest episodes in very recent times. In this paper we present results of a thermo-fluid dynamic modeling of the 1982–1984 unrest episode. Available geological, magmatic, structural, and mechanical data for the caldera have been used as modeling constraints.

Section snippets

Geological, geochemical, and geophysical outlines of the CFc

The volcanic and deformational history of the CFc since its identification was reconstructed by Orsi et al. (1996), while Di Vito et al. (1999-this issue) detailed the past 12 ka (Fig. 1). The CFc results mainly from two collapses related to the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI; 37 ka; Civetta et al., 1997) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT; 12 ka; Orsi et al., 1992) eruptions. The NYT caldera has been affected by two recent bradyseismic events between 1969 and 1972, 1982 and 1984, respectively (

A critical review of the interpretative models for the 1982–1984 unrest episode

The main features of the unrest episode occurred in 1982–1984 are the large amplitude of the vertical ground deformation (179 cm), not followed by an eruption, and the limited extension of the deformed area (Orsi et al., 1999-this issue). Consequently, any interpretative model has to consider two main linked variables: depth of the magma chamber and overpressure required in order to simulate the detected maximum vertical uplift.

Triggering mechanisms and thermo-fluid dynamic regime in the CFc

The time evolution of the ground deformation might be dilated with regard to that of the triggering events by non-linear (viscous, plastic, etc.) behaviour of the crust and/or by fluid migration. Among the geological processes with a short-time evolution which could trigger the ground deformation, the most likely are: (a) remix inside a complex magmatic system, by rising of a hot magma batch that takes the place of cooler magma inducing a temperature change; (b) sudden intrusion of a less

The mechanical model of solid–fluid interaction and its application to the CFc

The followings data on the CFc have been taken as boundary conditions for our modeling.

(a) The NYT caldera, with a mean radius of 6 km, includes a central (resurgent block) and a peripheral part (Orsi et al., 1996). The central part has a lower density and higher permeability (Agip, 1987).

(b) The magma reservoir contains a large amount of trachytic magma and is funnel-shaped with a flat top that includes a more active central part (Wohletz et al., 1999-this issue). The reservoir has been

Discussion

The parameters used for the models which have given the best results are reported in Table 1, while the are presented in the Fig. 11B. The triggering event for models I through VII is a sudden pressure increase of 1000 bars at 4 km depth, while for model VIII is a volume increase.

For large permeability of the central zone (case VII in Table 1, and Fig. 11A) the fluid circulation does not affect the ground deformation. The ground vertical displacement through time coincides with the source

Conclusions

The analysis performed by means of a mechanical model which takes into account the interaction between fluid and solid phase has allowed us to explain some characteristics of the time evolution of both seismicity and ground deformation occurred during the 1969–1972 and 1982–1984 unrest episodes in the CFc.

Our analysis shows that uplift events cannot result from variation in the convective regime generated by temperature increase, since convection operates on a time scale (∼10⁴ years)

Acknowledgements

P. Delaney and G. Valentine are thanked for critical review of the manuscript and helpful suggestions. The work was carried out with the support of the Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia-CNR. This research has been supported by the Commission of the European Communities, DGXII, Environment and Climate Programme, in the framework of the contract ENV4-CT96-0259.

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Knowledge of these two parameters is important in volcanic hazards assessments and zoning of the territory in relation to the expected hazards. This is critical for active, restless and densely populated volcanoes such as the Phlegraean Fields resurgent caldera (Orsi et al., 1996, 1999a,b, 2004, 2009; Costa et al., 2009; Selva et al., 2012). Tephra produced during the two most recent caldera forming eruptions at Phlegraean Fields (Fisher et al., 1993; Orsi et al., 1996), the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI, 39.28 ± 0.11 40Ar/39Ar ka; De Vivo et al., 2001) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT, 14.9 ± 0.4 40Ar/39Ar ka; Deino et al., 2004), provide important stratigraphic markers in European Quaternary deposits (e.g. Schmidt et al., 2002; Fedele et al., 2003; Pyle et al., 2006; Giaccio et al., 2008).
Volcanic activity at Phlegraean Fields, Italy, produced several major marker tephras over a 50 ka period. The caldera forming eruptions of the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) are of particular importance for tephrostratigraphy in Europe. Other key eruptions from this source include the Pomici Principali (PP) and the Tufi Biancastri eruptions. We combine analyses of fresh glasses from proximal locations (i.e., juvenile clasts in proximal flow and fall deposits) with data for key tephra layers from Lago Grande di Monticchio, 120 km to the east. The micron-beam major (EMPA) and trace (LA-ICP-MS) element glass dataset allows us to: (a) distinguish between tephra units produced from the Phlegraean Fields before and during the CI eruption (CI-series), and before and during the NYT and PP eruptions (NYT-series/PP); (b) discriminate between the CI and the geochemically similar Pre-CI pyroclastic deposits; (c) separate the NYT from Pre-NYT tephra units, although both major and trace elements do show significant overlap. The complex compositional overlap between Pre-NYT tephras may present a problem for tephra correlations in the 14–39 ka time window and may have resulted in incorrect proximal–distal and distal–distal correlations. The diagnostic chemical criteria detailed herein permits more accurate matching of distal tephras with their proximal equivalents and hence will improve chronostratigraphy of distal settings and give insight into tephra dispersal. We show that the dispersal of PP tephra was more limited than previously thought. The surge/fall (Lower Member) and subsequent pyroclastic density current (Upper Member) phases of the NYT eruption can be recognised in distal settings. Both the NYT Lower and Upper Members are found in distal localities to the east of the Phlegraean Fields, however the Lower Member is found in the absence of the Upper Member in locations to the far north of Phlegraean Fields. Chemical compositions of the Plinian and ignimbrite phases of the CI eruption overlap extensively, but can be distinguished on a plot of Zr–Th.

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Mechanical and thermo-fluid behaviour during unrest at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy)

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Geological, geochemical, and geophysical outlines of the CFc

A critical review of the interpretative models for the 1982–1984 unrest episode

Triggering mechanisms and thermo-fluid dynamic regime in the CFc

The mechanical model of solid–fluid interaction and its application to the CFc

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Geothermics

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Tectonophysics

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Tectonophysics

J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.

Phlegraean Fields 1982–1984: brief chronicle of a volcano emergency in a densely populated area

Bull. Volcanol.

The problem of volcanic unrest: the Phlegraean Fields case history

Atti Conv. Lincei

Ground deformation and caldera unrest

Tiré à part des Chaiers du Centre Européean de Géodynamique et de Séismologie

Ground deformation and gravity change accompanying the 1982 Pozzuoli uplift

Bull. Volcanol.

Modelling of surface ground deformation in the Phlegraean Fields volcanic area, Italy

Bull. Volcanol.

Modelling of surface ground deformation in volcanic areas: the 1970–1972 and 1982–1984 crises of Campi Flegrei, Italy

J. Geophys. Res.

Axisymmetric deformation of a thermo-poroelastic half-space: inflation of a magma chamber

Geophys. J. Int.