Abstract
Issues of authority abound in education and schooling but have not been interrogated sufficiently. We describe a tool that we have developed to initiate dialogue with teachers about authority in their classrooms—using a diagram to represent authority in their classrooms. Our analysis of the diagrams mathematics teachers created and discussed in our work with them illustrates the importance of understanding teachers’ perspectives about authority. To understand better how mathematics teachers think about the authority in their classrooms, we investigated what sources of authority they represented in their diagrams, and how the teachers related these sources to each other. The diversity in the teachers’ representations exceeded our anticipations, indicating that research on authority in classrooms has merely scratched the surface of understanding the ways mathematics teachers think about authority in their classrooms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexander, P. A., & Kulikowich, J. M. (1994). Learning from physics text: A synthesis of recent research. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 31, 895–911.
Amit, M., & Fried, M. (2005). Authority and authority relations in mathematics education: A view from an 8th grade classroom. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 58, 145–168.
Baker, C. D., & Freebody, P. (1989). Talk around text: Constructions of textual and teacher authority in classroom discourse. In S. de Castell, A. Luke, & C. Luke (Eds.), Language, authority and criticism: Readings on the school textbook (pp. 263–283). New York, NY: Falmer Press.
Ball, D. L. (1992). Magical hopes: Manipulatives and the reform of math education. American Educator: The Professional Journal of the American Federation of Teachers, 16(2), 14–18, 46–47.
Begle, E. G. (1979). Critical variables in mathematics education: Findings from a survey of the empirical literature. Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America.
Black, A., & Halliwell, G. (2000). Accessing practical knowledge: How? why? Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 103–115.
Boaler, J. (2003). Studying and capturing the complexity of practice – the case of the “dance of agency.” In N. Pateman, B. Dougherty & J. Zilliox (Eds.), Proceedings of the 27th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education held jointly with the 25th Conference of PME-NA (Vol. I, pp. 3–16). Honolulu, Hawaii.
Brown, R. (2009). Teaching for social justice: Exploring the development of student agency through participation in the literacy practices of a mathematics classroom. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 12, 171–185.
Cobb, P., Gresalfi, M., & Hodge, L. (2009). An interpretive scheme for analyzing the identities that students develop in mathematics classrooms. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 40(1), 40–68.
de Freitas, E., & Zolkower, B. (2009). Using social semiotics to prepare teachers to teach for social justice. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 12(3), 187–203.
Doerr, H., & Zangor, R. (2000). Creating meaning for and with the graphing calculator. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 41, 143–163.
Dornbusch, S. M., & Scott, W. R. (1975). Evaluation and the exercise of authority. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Edwards, D., & Mercer, N. (1987). Common knowledge. New York: Methuen.
Ernest, P. (2009). New philosophy of mathematics: Implications for mathematics education. In B. Greer, S. Mukhopadhyay, A. Powell, & S. Nelson-Barber (Eds.), Culturally responsive mathematics education (pp. 43–64). New York: Routledge.
Glasgow, B., & Reys, B. J. (1998). The authority of the calculator in the minds of college students. School Science and Mathematics, 98, 383–388.
Goodwin, C. (2007). Participation, stance and affect in the organization of activities. Discourse and Society, 18(1), 53–73.
Gutiérrez, R. (2011). Context matters: How should we conceptualize equity in mathematics education? In B. Herbel-Eisenmann, D. Wagner, J. Choppin, & D. Pimm (Eds.), Equity in discourse for mathematics education: Theories, practices, and policies. Dordrecht: Springer.
Haggarty, L., & Pepin, B. (2002). An investigation of mathematics textbooks and their use in English, French and German classrooms: Who gets an opportunity to learn what? British Educational Research Journal, 28(4), 567–590.
Harré, R., & van Lagenhove, L. (Eds.). (1999). Positioning theory: Moral contexts of intentional action. Oxford: Blackwell.
Herbel-Eisenmann, B. (2009). Negotiation of the “presence of the text”: How might teachers’ language choices influence the positioning of the textbook? In J. Remillard, B. Herbel-Eisenmann & G. Lloyd (Eds.), Mathematics teachers at work: Connecting curriculum materials and classroom instruction (pp. 134–151). New York: Routledge.
Herbel-Eisenmann, B., & Wagner, D. (2010). Appraising lexical bundles in mathematics classroom discourse: Obligation and choice. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 75(1), 43–63.
Herbel-Eisenmann, B., Drake, C., & Cirillo, M. (2009). “Muddying the clear waters”: Teacher’s take-up of the linguistic idea of revoicing. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(2), 268–277.
Herbel-Eisenmann, B., Wagner, D., & Cortes, V. (2010). Lexical bundle analysis in mathematics classroom discourse: The significance of stance. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 75(1), 23–42.
Katz, P., McGinnis, J., Hestness, E., Riedinger, K., Marbach-Ad, G., Dai, A., et al. (2011). Professional identity development of teacher candidates participating in an informal science education internship: A focus on drawings as evidence. International Journal of Science Education, 33, 1169–1197.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. New York: Basic Books.
Olson, D. R. (1989). On the language and authority of textbooks. In S. de Castell, A. Luke, & C. Luke (Eds.), Language, authority and criticism: Readings on the school textbook (pp. 233–244). Philadelphia: Falmer Press.
Oyler, C. (1996). Making room for students: Sharing teacher authority in room 104. New York: Teachers College Press.
Pace, J. L. (2003). Using ambiguity and entertainment to win compliance in a lower-level U.S. history class. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 35, 83–110.
Pace, J. L., & Hemmings, A. (2006). Understanding classroom authority as a social construction. In J. L. Pace & A. Hemmings (Eds.), Classroom authority: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 1–31). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Pace, J. L., & Hemmings, A. (2007). Understanding authority in classrooms: A review of theory, ideology, and research. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 4–27.
Povey, H. (1997). Beginning mathematics teachers’ ways of knowing: The link with working for emancipatory change. Curriculum Studies, 5(3), 329–343.
Rotman, B. (2008). Becoming beside ourselves: The alphabet, ghosts and distributed human being. London: Duke University Press.
Russell, T. (1983). Analyzing arguments in science classroom discourse: Can teachers’ questions distort scientific authority? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20(1), 27–45.
Schoenfeld, A. H. (1992). Reflections on doing and teaching mathematics. In A. H. Schoenfeld (Ed.), Mathematical thinking and problem solving (pp. 53–70). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Skemp, R. (1979). Intelligence, learning and action. New York: Wiley.
Skovsmose, O. (2005). Foregrounds and politics of learning obstacles. For the Learning of Mathematics, 25(1), 4–10.
Smith, J. P. (1996). Efficacy and teaching mathematics by telling: A challenge for reform. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 27, 387–402.
Tobin, K. (1987). Forces which shape the implemented curriculum in high school science and mathematics. Teaching and Teacher Education, 3, 287–298.
Tsui, A. B. M., & Ng, M. M. Y. (2010). Cultural contexts and situated possibilities in the teaching of second language writing. Journal of Teacher Education, 61, 364–375.
Usiskin, Z. (1985). We need another revolution in secondary school mathematics. In C. R. Hirsch (Ed.), The secondary school mathematics curriculum: 1985 yearbook (pp. 1–21). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
van Langenhove, L., & Harré, R. (1999). Introducing positioning theory. In R. Harré & L. van Lagenhove (Eds.), Positioning theory: Moral contexts of intentional action (pp. 14–31). Oxford: Blackwell.
Wagner, D., & Herbel-Eisenmann, B. (2009). Re-mythologizing mathematics through attention to classroom positioning. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 72(1), 1–15.
Wagner, D., & Herbel-Eisenmann, B. (2013). Disbursing authority among mathematics students. Proceedings of the Seventh International Mathematics Education and Society Conference (pp. 483-491). Cape Town, South Africa.
Weber, S., & Mitchell, C. (1996). Drawing ourselves into teaching: Studying images that shape and distort teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 12, 303–313.
Williams, C. G. (1993). Looking over their shoulders: Some difficulties students have with graphing calculators. Mathematics and Computer Education, 27, 198–202.
Wilson, M. R., & Krapfl, C. M. (1994). The impact of graphics calculators on students’ understanding of function. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 13, 252–264.
Wilson, M., & Lloyd, G. (2000). Sharing mathematical authority with students: The challenge for high school teachers. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 15(2), 146–169.
Zwicky, J. (2003). Wisdom & metaphor. Kentville, NS: Gaspereau Press.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0347906) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (Grant title: “Positioning and Authority in Mathematics Classrooms”). Opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed here are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views of the granting bodies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wagner, D., Herbel-Eisenmann, B. Mathematics teachers’ representations of authority. J Math Teacher Educ 17, 201–225 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-013-9252-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-013-9252-5