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Does rainfall affect the productivity of the Booted Eagle (Aquila pennata) during the breeding period in Mediterranean environments?

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Abstract

The breeding performance of birds of prey is often related to changes in rainfall, which affects the productivity of the environment and the availability of food and may thereby affect chick survival. We investigated the influence of rainfall on the productivity of two populations of Booted Eagle Aquila pennata in two Spanish Mediterranean regions—central Catalonia and Murcia—at 29 and 28 breeding sites, respectively, from 2008 to 2012. During the study period, we found significant interannual differences in all of the weather variables, but these did not translate into interannual differences in the high productivity achieved in either area. We modelled the effects of rainfall on productivity through a linear mixed model procedure. This regression model revealed that precipitation did not cause any response in the productivity of the two populations studied. The results were then compared with data available on a Booted Eagle population in Biscay with a reported nest failure of 65 %—attributed by the authors to heavy and prolonged spring rainfall. Although total precipitation during breeding was slightly higher in Catalonia during our study period than that reported for Biscay, the more than 60 % difference in the number of rainy days in Biscay suggests that persistent rainfall is the main cause of nest failure at the latter location. Therefore, we conclude that our model indicates that rainfall has no significant effect on Booted Eagle productivity in Mediterranean environments.

Zusammenfassung

Beeinflussen Niederschläge währendder Brutzeit im Mittelmeerraum den Bruterfolg des Zwergadlers ( Aquila pennata )?

Der Bruterfolg von Greifvögeln hängt oft von Änderungen in den Niederschlägen ab, die einen Einfluss auf die gesamte Produktivität der Umwelt und die Verfügbarkeit von Nahrung und damit auch einen Einfluss auf die Überlebensrate der Küken haben. Von 2008 bis 2012 untersuchten wir den Einfluss von Niederschlägen auf zwei Zwergadler-Populationen in zwei spanischen Mittelmeer-Gebieten, Zentral-Katalonien und Murcia, an 29, bzw. 28, Brutplätzen. Während der gesamten Untersuchung fanden wir signifikante zwischenjährliche Unterschiede in allen Wetterfaktoren, die sich aber nicht in entsprechenden Unterschieden im hohen Bruterfolg in beiden Gebieten widerspiegelten. Mit einem Verfahren für lineare gemischte Modelle rechneten wir ein Modell für den Einfluss von Niederschlägen auf die Produktivität. Das Regressionsmodell zeigte, dass Niederschläge keinerlei Einfluss auf die Produktivität der beiden untersuchten Populationen hatten. Dieses Ergebnis wurde mit vergleichbaren Untersuchungen in der Region von Biskaya verglichen, in der es Brut-Misserfolge von bis zu 65 % gab, was langen und heftigen Niederschlägen im Frühjahr zugeschrieben wurde. Obwohl die Niederschlagsmenge während der Brutzeit in Katalonien etwas größer war, legt der mehr als 60 %ige Unterschied in der Anzahl der Regentage in der Biskaya-Gegend nahe, dass lang anhaltender Regen die Hauptursache für den dortigen Brut-Misserfolg war. Daher weist unser Modell darauf hin, dass Regen im Mittelmeerraum keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Bruterfolg von Zwergadlern hat.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Pere Aymerich, Joan Santandreu, Pere Sucarrats, Albert Malagarriga, Daniel Mañas and the agents of the Cos d’Agents Rurals of the Generalitat de Catalunya of the Solsonés district for their help in obtaining part of the information that has made this work possible. Also, Anna Maria Bosch and Oscar Valiente provided the data on their particular weather stations. We also thank Iluminada Pagán, Ramón Ruiz, Mario León and Carlos González for field assistance in the study area of Murcia. This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (project REN2002-324 01884/GLO, partially financed by FEDER funds) and the Consejería de Agricultura y Agua of the Region of Murcia. M. V. Jiménez-Franco is supported by a FPU grant from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (reference AP2009-2073). Authorization for the study was provided by the Consejería de Agricultura y Agua of the Region of Murcia.

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Correspondence to Josep Bosch.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Bosch, J., Martínez, J.E., Calvo, J.F. et al. Does rainfall affect the productivity of the Booted Eagle (Aquila pennata) during the breeding period in Mediterranean environments?. J Ornithol 156, 1–8 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1112-2

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