Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pockmarks, collapses and blind valleys in the Gulf of Cádiz

  • Original
  • Published:
Geo-Marine Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Herein we describe a suite of fluid escape depression features, including pockmarks and collapse structures, discovered in the Gulf of Cádiz (Spain) during several recent cruises. We also establish an evolutionary model for these depressions and discuss the generation of bottom undercurrent furrows from fluid-flow structures, considering the oceanographic and tectonic framework and gas expulsion mechanisms. We describe for the first time blind valleys, which we define as giant, elongated (3 to 10 km long), collapsed and complex fault-strike features comprising mega-collapses and mega-pockmarks, generated in gas-venting areas and not associated to the collapse of mud-volcano complexes. We detected the blind valleys above diapiric structures. The collapse processes associated to blind valleys result from fluid escape through migration pathways which, in turn, are created by distension due to diapiric activity or to later tectonic reactivation of these diapirs. The evolution of these blind valleys, and their present-day morphology as furrows, derives from progressive fluid migration as well as from interaction of Mediterranean Outflow Water with the seafloor.

Mature stage of blind valley formation: collapse of seafloor, blind valley generation and channelling of bottom currents

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baraza J, Ercilla G (1996) Gas-charged sediments and large pockmark-like features on the Gulf of Cadiz slope (SW Spain). Mar Petrol Geol 13(2):253–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blinova V, Stadnitskaia A (2001) Composition and origin of hydrocarbon gases from the Gulf of Cadiz mud volcanic area. IOC Worksh Rep 175:45–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Bøe R, Rise L, Ottesen D (1998) Elongate depressions on the southern slope of the Norwegian trench (Skagerrak): morphology and evolution. Mar Geol 146:191–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carson B, Suess E, Strasser JC (1990) Fluid flow and mass flux determinations at vent sites on the Cascadia margin accretionary prism. J Geophys Res 95(B6):8891–8897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casas D, Ercilla G, Baraza J (2003) Acoustic evidences of gas in the continental slope sediments of the Gula of Cadiz (E Atlantic). In: Woodside JM, Garrison RE, Moore JC, Kvenvolden KA (eds) Proc 7th Int Conf Gas in Marine Sediments, 7–12 October 2002, Baku, Azerbaijan. Geo-Mar Lett 23(3/4):300–310. doi:10.1007/s00367-003-0160-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Depreiter D, Poort J, Van Rensbergen P, Henriet J (2005) Geophysical evidence of gas hydrates in shallow submarine mud volcanoes on the Moroccan margin. J Geophys Res 110:B10103. doi:10.1029/2005JB003622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-del-Río V, Somoza L, Martínez-Frías J, Mata MP, Delgado A, Hernández-Molina FJ, Lunar R, Martín-Rubí JA, Maestro A, Fernández-Puga MC, León R, Llave E, Medialdea T, Vázquez JT (2003) Vast fields of hydrocarbon-derived carbonate chimneys related to the accretionary wedge/olistostrome of the Gulf of Cadiz. Mar Geol 195:177–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eichhubl P, Greene HG, Naehr T, Maher N (2000) Structural control of fluid flow: offshore seepage in the Santa Barbara Basin, California. J Geochem Explor 69(70):545–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Puga MC (2004) Diapirismo y estructuras de expulsión de gases hidrocarburos en el talud continental del Golfo de Cádiz. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Cádiz

  • Fernández-Puga MC, Váquez JT, Somoza L, Díaz del Río V, Medialdea T, Mata MP, León R (2007) Gas-related morphologies and diapirism in the Gulf of Cadiz. In: García-Gil S, Judd A (eds) Contrib 8th Int Conf Gas in Marine Sediments, 5–10 September 2005, Vigo. Geo-Mar Lett 27(2/4):213–221. doi:10.1007/s00367-007-0076-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García M, Hernández-Molina FJ, Llave E, Stow DAV, León R, Fernández-Puga MC, Diaz del Río V, Somoza L (2009) Contourite erosive features caused by the Mediterranean Outflow Water in the Gulf of Cadiz: quaternary tectonic and oceanographic implications. Mar Geol 257(1/4):24–40. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner JM (2001) Mud volcanoes revealed and sampled on the Western Moroccan continental margin. Geophys Res Lett 28(2):339–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gay A, Lopez M, Cochonat P, Sultan N, Cauquil E, Brigaud F (2003) Sinuous pockmark belt as indicator of a shallow buried turbiditic channel on the lower slope of the Congo Basin, West African Margin. In: Van Rensbergen P, Hillis RR, Maltman AJ, Morley CK (eds) Subsurface sediment mobilization. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 216:173–189

  • Gay A, Lopez M, Cochonat P, Sermondadaz G (2004) Polygonal faults-furrows system related to early stages of compaction—Upper Miocene to present sediments of the Lower Congo Basin. Basin Res 16:101–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González FJ (2008) Fe-Mn nodules and crusts in the Gulf of Cadiz and Antarctica: genesis and paleoceanographic implications (in Spanish). PhD Thesis, Complutense University of Madrid

  • González FJ, Somoza L, Lunar R, Martínez-Frías J, Martín Rubí JA, Torres T, Ortiz JE, Díaz-del-Río V, Pinheiro LM, Magalhães VH (2009) Hydrocarbon-derived ferromanganese nodules in carbonate-mud mounds from the Gulf of Cadiz: mud-breccia sediments and clasts as nucleation sites. Mar Geol 261:64–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habgood EL, Kenyon NH, Masson DG, Akhmetzhanov A, Weaver PPE, Gardner J, Mulder T (2003) Deep-water sediment wave fields, bottom current sand channels and gravity flow channel-lobe systems: Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic. Sedimentology 50:483–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanquiez V, Mulder T, Lecroart P, Gonthier E, Marchès E, Voisset M (2007) High resolution seafloor images in the Gulf of Cadiz, Iberian margin. Mar Geol 246:42–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heezen BC, Johnson GL (1969) Mediterranean undercurrent and microphysiography west of Gibraltar. Bull Inst Océanogr Monaco 67(1382):1–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Heggland R (1998) Gas seepage as an indicator of deeper prospective reservoirs. A study based on exploration 3D seismic data. Mar Petrol Geol 15:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hensen C, Nuzzo M, Hornibrook E, Pinheiro LM, Bock B, Magalhães VH, Brückmann W (2007) Sources of mud volcano fluids in the Gulf of Cadiz-indications for hydrothermal imprint. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71(5):1232–1248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Molina FJ, Llave E, Somoza L, Fernández-Puga MC, Maestro A, León R, Medialdea T, Barnolas A, García M, Díaz-del-Río V, Fernández-Salas LM, Vázquez JT, Lobo FJ, Alveirinho-Dias JA, Rodero J, Gardner J (2003) Looking for clues to paleoceanographic imprints: a diagnosis of the Gulf of Cadiz contourite depositional systems. Geology 31(1):19–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández-Molina FJ, Llave E, Stow DAV, García M, Somoza L, Vázquez JT, Lobo FJ, Maestro A, Díaz del Río V, León R, Medialdea T, Gardner J (2006) The contourite depositional system of the Gulf of Cadiz: a sedimentary model related to the bottom current activity of the Mediterranean outflow water and its interaction with the continental margin. Deep-Sea Res II 53:1420–1463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hovland M, Judd A (1988) Seabed pockmarks and seepages. Impact in geology, biology and the marine environment. Graham and Trotman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovland M, Svensen H, Forsberg CF, Johansen H, Fichler C, Fossa JH, Jonsson R, Rueslatten H (2005) Complex pockmarks with carbonate-ridges off mid-Norway: products of sediment degassing. Mar Geol 218:191–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov MK, Kenyon N, Nielsen T, Wheeler A, Monteiro H, Gardner J, Comas M, Akhmanov A, Akhmetzhanov G (2000) Goals and principal results of the TTR-9 cruise. IOC/UNESCO Worksh Rep 168:3–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd A, Hovland M (2007) Seabed fluid flow. The impact on geology, biology and the marine environment. Cambridge University, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley JT, Dickson SM, Belknap DF, Barnhardt WA, Henderson M (1994) Giant sea-bed pockmarks: evidence for gas escape from Belfast Bay. Mar Geol 22(1):59–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon NH, Belderson RH (1973) Bed forms of the Mediterranean undercurrent observed with side-scan sonar. Sediment Geol 9:77–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon NH, Ivanov MK, Akhmetzhanov AM, Akhmanov GG (2000) Multidisciplinary study of geological processes on the North East Atlantic and Western Mediterranean Margins. (Preliminary results of geological and geophysical investigations during TTR-9 cruise of R/V Professor Logachev, June-July 1999). IOC/UNESCO Tech Ser 56

  • Kenyon NH, Ivanov MK, Akhmetzhanov AM, Akhmanov GG (2001) Interdisciplinary approaches to geoscience on the North East Atlantic and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. IOC/UNESCO Tech Ser 60

  • King LH, MacLean B (1970) Pockmarks on the Scotian Shelf. Geol Soc Am Bull 81(10):3141–3148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopf A, Cruise Participants (2004) Report and preliminary results of SONNE Cruise SO175, Miami-Bremerhaven, 12.11-30.12.2003. Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, no 228

  • León R, Somoza L, Ivanov MK, Díaz-del-Río V, Lobato A, Hernández-Molina FJ, Fernández-Puga MC, Maestro A, Medialdea T, Alveirinho-Dias JM, Vázquez T (2001) Seabed morphology and gas venting in the Gulf of Cadiz mudvolcano area: imagery of multibeam data and ultra-high resolution data. In: Akhmanov G, Suzyumov A (eds) Geological processes on deep-water European margins. IOC Worksh Rep 175:43–45

  • León R, Somoza L, Medialdea T, Maestro A, Díaz-del-Río V, Fernández-Puga MC (2006) Classification of sea-floor features associated with methane seeps along the Gulf of Cádiz continental margin. Deep-Sea Res II 53:1464–1481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • León R, Somoza L, Medialdea T, González FJ, Díaz-del-Río V, Fernández-Puga MC, Maestro A, Mata MP (2007) Sea-floor features related to hydrocarbon seeps in deepwater carbonate-mud mounds of the Gulf of Cádiz: from mud flows to carbonate precipitates. In: García-Gil S, Judd A (eds) Contrib 8th Int Conf Gas in Marine Sediments, 5–10 September 2005, Vigo. Geo-Mar Lett 27(2/4):237–247. doi:10.1007/s00367-007-0074-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • León R, Somoza L, Gimenez-Moreno CJ, Dabrio CJ, Ercilla G, Praeg D, Díaz-del-Río V, Gomez-Delgado M (2009) A predictive numerical model for potential mapping of gas hydrate stability zone in the Gulf of Cadiz. Mar Petrol Geol 26:1564–1579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llave E, Hernández-Molina FJ, Somoza L, Díaz-del-Río V, Stow DAV, Maestro A, Alveirinho Dias JM (2001) Seismic stacking pattern of the Faro-Albufeira contourite system (Gulf of Cadiz): a Quaternary record of paleoceanographic and tectonic influences. Mar Geophys Res 22(5/6):475–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Llave E, Hernández-Molina FJ, Somoza L, Stow D, Díaz del Río V (2007) Quaternary evolution of the Contourite Depositional System in the Gulf of Cádiz. In: Viana A, Rebesco M (eds) Economic and paleoceanographic importance of contourites. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 276:49–79

  • Lowrie A, Hamite R, Moffett S, Somoza L, Maestro A, Lerche I (1999) Potential pressure compartments sub-salt in the Gulf of Mexico and beneath massive debris flows in the Gulf of Cadiz. In: 19th Annu Bob. F. Perkins Conf Abstr, Advanced Reservoir Characterization for the 21st Century. GCSSEPM Foundation, Houston, TX, pp 271–280

  • Magalhães VH (2007) Authigenic carbonates and fluid escape structures in the Gulf of Cadiz. PhD Thesis, University of Aveiro

  • Maldonado A, Nelson CH (1999) Interaction of tectonic and depositional processes that control the evolution of the Iberian Gulf of Cadiz margin. Mar Geol 155:217–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado A, Somoza L, Pallarés L (1999) The Betic orogen and the Iberian-African boundary in the Gulf of Cadiz: geological evolution (central North Atlantic). Mar Geol 155:9–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazurenko LL, Soloviev VA, Belenkaya I, Ivanov MK, Pinheiro L (2002) Mud volcano gas hydrates in the Gulf of Cadiz. Terra Nova 14:321–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medialdea T, Vegas R, Somoza L, Vázquez JT, Maldonado A, Díaz-del-Río V, Maestro A, Córdoba D, Fernández-Puga MC (2004) Structure and evolution of the “Olistostrome” complex of the Gibraltar Arc in the Gulf of Cadiz (eastern Central Atlantic): evidence from two long seismic cross-sections. Mar Geol 209(1/4):173–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medialdea T, Somoza L, Pinheiro LM, Fernández-Puga MC, Vázquez JT, León R, Ivanov MK, Magalhaes V, Díaz-del-Río V, Vegas R (2009) Tectonics and mud volcano development in the Gulf of Cádiz. Mar Geol 261:48–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder T, Voisset M, Lecroart P, Le Drezen E, Gonthier E, Hanquiez V, Faugères JC, Habgood E, Hernández-Molina FJ, Estrada F, Llave-Barranco E, Poirier D, Gorine C, Fuchey Y, Voelker A, Freitas P, Lobo Sanchez F, Fernandez LM, Kenyon NH, Morel J (2003) The Gulf of Cadiz: an unstable giant contourite levee. Geo-Mar Lett 23(1):7–18. doi:10.1007/s00367-003-0119-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemann H, Duarte J, Hensen C, Omoregie E, Magalhaes VH, Elvert M, Pinheiro LM, Kopf A, Boetius A (2006) Microbial methane turnover at mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70(21):5336–5355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa J, Bray NA (1991) Water mass exchange in the Gulf of Cadiz. Deep-Sea Res 38(1):S465–S503

    Google Scholar 

  • Orange DL, Breen NA (1992) The effects of fluid escape on accretionary wedges 2. Seepage force, slope failure, headless submarine canyons, and vents. J Geophys Res 97(B6):9277–9295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orange DL, Greene HG, Reed D, Martin JB, McHugh CM, Ryan WBF, Maher N, Stakes D, Barry J (1999) Widespread fluid expulsion on a translational continental margin: mud volcanoes, fault zones, headless canyons, and organic-rich substrate in Monterey Bay, California. GSA Bull 111:992–1009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orange DL, Yun J, Maher N, Barry J, Greene G (2002) Tracking California seafloor seeps with bathymetry, backscatter and ROVs. Cont Shelf Res 22:2273–2290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paull CK, Ussler W III, Dillon WP (2000) Potential role of gas hydrate decomposition in generating submarine slope failures. In: Max MD (ed) Natural gas hydrate in oceanic and permafrost environments. Kluwer, Boston, pp 149–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilcher R, Argent J (2007) Mega-pockmarks and linear pockmark trains on the West African continental margin. Mar Geol 244:15–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JP, Anczkiewicz R, Soto JI, Kelley SP, Thirlwall M (2006) Early Miocene continental subduction and rapid exhumation in the western Mediterranean. Geology 34:981–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmuck EA, Paull CK (1993) Evidence for gas accumulation associated with diapirism and gas hydrates at the head of the Cape Fear slide. Geo-Mar Lett 13(3):145–152. doi:10.1007/BF01593187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz F, Hensen C, Reitz A, Romer RL, Liebetrau V, Meixner A, Weise SM, Haeckel M (2009) Isotopic evidence (87Sr/86Sr, δ7Li) for alteration of the oceanic crust at deep-rooted mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic Ocean. Geochim Cosmochim Acta (in press). doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.06.004

  • Shaw J, Courtney RC, Currie JR (1997) Marine geology of St. George’s Bay, Newfoundland, as interpreted from multibeam bathymetry and back-scatter data. Geo-Mar Lett. 17(3):188–194. doi:10.1007/s003670050025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somoza L, Maestro A, Lowrie A (1999) Allochthonous blocks as hydrocarbon traps in the Gulf of Cadiz. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC 10889:571–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Somoza L, Díaz-del-Río V, Hernández-Molina FJ, León R, Lobato A, Alveirinho-Dias JM, Rodero J, TASYO Team (2000) New discovery of a mud-volcano field related to gas venting in the Gulf of Cadiz. Imagery of multibeam data and ultra-high resolution seismic. In: Ext Abstr 3rd Symp The Iberian Atlantic Margin, 25–27 September 2000, Faro, Portugal, pp 397–398

  • Somoza L, Gardner J, Díaz-del-Río V, Vázquez JT, Pinheiro LM, Hernández-Molina FJ, TASYO/ANASTASYA shipboard scientific parties (2002) Numerous methane gas-related sea floor structures identified in the Gulf of Cadiz. Eos Trans AGU 83(47):541, 549

    Google Scholar 

  • Somoza L, Díaz-del-Río V, León R, Ivanov M, Fernández-Puga MC, Gardner JM, Hernández-Molina FJ, Pinheiro LM, Rodero J, Lobato A, Maestro A, Vázquez JT, Medialdea T, Fernández-Salas LM (2003) Seabed morphology and hydrocarbon seepage in the Gulf of Cadiz mud volcano area: acoustic imagery, multibeam and ultrahigh resolution seismic data. Mar Geol 195:153–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stadnitskaia A, Ivanov M, Gardner J (2000) Hydrocarbon gas composition and distribution in surface sediments of mud volcanic province. Gulf of Cadiz. NE Atlantic. In: Abstr Vol VI Int Conf Gas in Marine Sediments, 5–9 September 2000, St. Petersburg, pp 126–129

  • Stadnitskaia A, Ivanov M, van Weering TCE, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Werne JP, Kreulen R, Blinova V (2001) Molecular and isotopic characterization of hydrocarbon gas and organic matter from mud volcanoes of the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic. Final Proc Int Conf Geological Processes on Deep-Water European Margins, Moscow, Russia. UNESCO IOC Worksh Rep 175:47

  • Stadnitskaia A, Ivanov M, Blinova V, Kreulen R, Van Weering TCE (2006) Molecular and carbon isotopic variability of hydrocarbon gases from mud volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz, NE Atlantic. Mar Petrol Geol 23:281–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MH, Dillon WP, Pecher IA (2000) Trapping and migration of methane associated with the gas hydrate stability zone at the Blake Ridge Diapir—new insights from seismic data. Mar Geol 164:79–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt PR, Gardner J, Crane K, Sundvor E, Bowles F, Cherkashev G (1999) Ground-truthing 11- to 12-kHz side-scan sonar imagery in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Part I. Pockmarks on the Vestnesa Ridge and Storegga slide margin. Geo-Mar Lett 19(1/2):97–110. doi:10.1007/s003670050098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood WT, Gettrust J, Chapman NR, Spence GD, Hyndman RD (2002) Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marine sediments due to phase boundary roughness. Nature 420:656–660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zitellini N, Gràcia E, Matias L, Terrinha P, Abreu MA, DeAlteriis G, Henriet JP, Dañobeitia JJ, Masson DG, Mulder T, Ramella R, Somoza L, Diez S (2009) The quest for the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary west of the Strait of Gibraltar. Earth Planet Sci Lett 280:13–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Aurélien Gay and one anonymous reviewer for comments and suggestions which have improved the paper. We are especially grateful to Cristino J. Dabrio González for suggestions and support during the development of the concept of blind valleys. We also thank Alan Judd for his input, the Instituto Español de Oceanografía for its exemplary and productive collaboration, all those who participated in the research cruises of the TASYO 2000 and MOUNDFORCE07 projects, as well as the captains, technicians and crews of the research vessels B/O Cornide de Saavedra, B/O Hespérides and R/V L’Atalante. This research was funded by the Spanish Marine Science and Technology Program under the TASYO Project (MAR 98-0209) and the ESF EuroCORE-EuroMARGINS projects MVSEIS (O1-LEC-EMA24F, REN2002-11669-E-MAR) and MOUNDFORCE (O1-LEC-EMA06F, REN2002-11668-E-MAR), and is currently supported by the Spanish Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CYCIT) project CTM2008-06399-C04/MAR (CONTOURIBER).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Spain, IGME, Rios Rosas 23, Madrid, 28003, Spain

    Ricardo León, Luís Somoza, Teresa Medialdea & Francisco Javier González

  2. Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Málaga, 29640, Spain

    Juan Tomás Vázquez & Victor Díaz-del-Rio

  3. Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, 36200, Spain

    Francisco Javier Hernández-Molina

Authors
  1. Ricardo León
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luís Somoza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Teresa Medialdea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Francisco Javier Hernández-Molina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Juan Tomás Vázquez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Victor Díaz-del-Rio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Francisco Javier González
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ricardo León.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

León, R., Somoza, L., Medialdea, T. et al. Pockmarks, collapses and blind valleys in the Gulf of Cádiz. Geo-Mar Lett 30, 231–247 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-009-0169-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-009-0169-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation