Skip to main content
Log in

Abstract

Design intelligence, namely, artificial intelligence to solve creative problems and produce creative ideas, has improved rapidly with the new generation artificial intelligence. However, existing methods are more skillful in learning from data and have limitations in creating original ideas different from the training data. Crowdsourcing offers a promising method to produce creative designs by combining human inspiration and machines’ computational ability. We propose a crowdsourcing intelligent design method called ‘flexible crowdsourcing design’. Design ideas produced through crowdsourcing design can be unreliable and inconsistent because they rely solely on selection among participants’ submissions of ideas. In contrast, the flexible crowdsourcing design method employs a cultivation procedure that integrates the ideas from crowd participants and cultivates these ideas to improve design quality at the same time. We introduce a series of studies to show how flexible crowdsourcing design can produce original design ideas consistently. Specifically, we will describe the typical procedure of flexible crowdsourcing design, the refined crowdsourcing tasks, the factors that affect the idea development process, the method for calculating idea development potential, and two applications of the flexible crowdsourcing design method. Finally, it summarizes the design capabilities enabled by crowdsourcing intelligent design. This method enhances the performance of crowdsourcing design and supports the development of design intelligence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ball LJ, Ormerod TC, 1995. Structured and opportunistic processing in design: a critical discussion. Int J Hum-Comput Stud, 43(1):131–151. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.1995.1038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan J, Dang S, Dow SP, 2016. Improving crowd innovation with expert facilitation. Proc 19th ACM Conf on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, p.1223–1235. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820023

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang DN, Chen CH, Lee KM, 2014. A crowdsourcing development approach based on a neuro-fuzzy network for creating innovative product concepts. Neurocomputing, 142:60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2014.03.044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross N, 2006. Designerly Ways of Knowing. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-301-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Dontcheva M, Morris RR, Brandt JR, et al., 2014. Combining crowdsourcing and learning to improve engagement and performance. Proc SIGCHI Conf on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p.3379–3388. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557217

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores RL, Belaud JP, le Lann JM, et al., 2015. Using the collective intelligence for inventive problem solving: a contribution for open computer aided innovation. Expert Syst Appl, 42(23):9340–9352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.08.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gatys LA, Ecker AS, Bethge M, 2016. Image style transfer using convolutional neural networks. Proc IEEE Conf on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, p.2414–2423. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2016.265

    Google Scholar 

  • Glickman ME, 1999. Parameter estimation in large dynamic paired comparison experiments. J Roy Stat Soc Ser C, 48(3):377–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9876.00159

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmidt G, 2015. Ubiquitous serendipity: potential visual design stimuli are everywhere. In: Gero JS (Ed.), Studying Visual and Spatial Reasoning for Design Creativity. Springer Dordrecht Netherlands, p.205–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9297-4_12

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda K, Morishima A, Rahman H, et al., 2016. Collaborative crowdsourcing with crowd4U. Proc VLDB Endowm, 9(13):1497–1500. https://doi.org/10.14778/3007263.3007293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Dontcheva M, Li W, et al., 2015. Motif: supporting novice creativity through expert patterns. Proc 33rd Annual ACM Conf on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p.1211–1220. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702507

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafreniere B, Grossman T, Anderson F, et al., 2016. Crowdsourced fabrication. Proc 29th Annual Symp on User Interface Software and Technology, p.15–28. https://doi.org/10.1145/2984511.2984553

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Wu WJ, Wang HM, et al., 2017. Crowd intelligence in AI 2.0 era. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng, 18(1): 15–43. https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1601859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michelucci P, Dickinson JL, 2016. The power of crowds. Science, 351(6268):32–33. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donovan P, Agarwala A, Hertzmann A, 2014. Learning layouts for single-pagegraphic designs. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph, 20(8):1200–1213. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2014.48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan YH, 2017. Special issue on artificial intelligence 2.0. Front Inform Technol Electron Eng, 18(1):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1710000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park CH, Son KH, Lee JH, et al., 2013. Crowd vs. crowd: large-scale cooperative design through open team competition. Proc Conf on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, p.1275–1284. https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441920

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauwels P, de Meyer R, van Campenhout J, 2013. Design thinking support: information systems versus reasoning. Des Iss, 29(2):42–59. https://doi.org/10.1162/DESI_a_00209

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinel F, Varshney LR, Bhattacharjya D, 2015. A culinary computational creativity system. In: Besold TR, Schorlemmer M, Smaill A (Eds.), Computational Creativity Research: Towards Creative Machines. Springer, Paris, p.327–346. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-085-0_16

    Google Scholar 

  • Prats M, Earl CF, 2006. Exploration through drawings in the conceptual stage of product design. In: Gero JS (Ed.), Design Computing and Cognition. Springer Dordrecht Netherlands, p.83–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5131-9_5

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ren J, Nickerson JV, Mason W, et al., 2014. Increasing the crowd’s capacity to create: how alternative generation affects the diversity, relevance and effectiveness of generated ads. Dec Supp Syst, 65:28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2014.05.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider OS, Seifi H, Kashani S, et al., 2016. HapTurk: crowdsourcing affective ratings of vibrotactile icons. Proc CHI Conf on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p.3248–3260. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858279

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun LY, Xiang W, Chai CL, et al., 2014a. Creative segment: a descriptive theory applied to computer-aided sketching. Des Stud, 35(1):54–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun LY, Xiang W, Chai CL, et al., 2014b. Designers’ perception during sketching: an examination of creative segment theory using eye movements. Des Stud, 35(6): 593–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2014.04.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun LY, Xiang W, Chen S, et al., 2015. Collaborative sketching in crowdsourcing design: a new method for idea generation. Int J Technol Des Educat, 25(3):409–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-014-9283-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki R, Salehi N, Lam MS, et al., 2016. Atelier: repurposing expert crowdsourcing tasks as micro-internships. Proc CHI Conf on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p.2645–2656. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858121

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Maaten L, Weinberger K, 2012. Stochastic triplet embedding. IEEE Int Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, p.1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/MLSP.2012.6349720

    Google Scholar 

  • Wah C, van Horn G, Branson S, et al., 2014. Similarity comparisons for interactive fine-grained categorization. IEEE Conf on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, p.859–866. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2014.115

    Google Scholar 

  • Warby SC, Wendt SL, Welinder P, et al., 2014. Sleep-spindle detection: crowdsourcing and evaluating performance of experts, non-experts and automated methods. Nat Methods, 11(4):385–392. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiltschnig S, Christensen BT, Ball LJ, 2013. Collaborative problem–solution co-evolution in creative design. Des Stud, 34(5):515–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang W, Sun LY, Xia SC, et al., 2017. An evolutionary computation method of crowdsourcing ideation that integrates the balanced-exploration pattern. J Mech Eng, 53(15):73–80 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3901/JME.2017.15.073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu AB, Rao HM, Dow SP, et al., 2015. A classroom study of using crowd feedback in the iterative design process. Proc 18th ACM Conf on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, p.1637–1648. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675140

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu LX, Nickerson JV, 2011. Cooks or cobblers?: crowd creativity through combination. Proc SIGCHI Conf on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p.1393–1402. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979147

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu LX, Kittur A, Kraut RE, 2014. Distributed analogical idea generation: inventing with crowds. Proc SIGCHI Conf on Human Factors in Computing Systems, p.1245–1254. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557371

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu LX, Kraut RE, Kittur A, 2016. Distributed analogical idea generation with multiple constraints. Proc 19th ACM Conf on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, p.1236–1245. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2835201

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Q, Huang ZH, Harper FM, et al., 2016. Precision crowdsourcing: closing the loop to turn information consumers into information contributors. Proc 19th ACM Conf on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, p.1615–1625. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819957

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu JY, Krähenbühl P, Shechtman E, et al., 2016. Generative visual manipulation on the natural image manifold. Proc 14th European Conf on Computer Vision, p.597–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46454-1_36

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ling-yun Sun.

Additional information

Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61672451), the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2015CB352503), and the Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Institute of Frontier Technologies

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xiang, W., Sun, Ly., You, Wt. et al. Crowdsourcing intelligent design. Frontiers Inf Technol Electronic Eng 19, 126–138 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1700810

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/FITEE.1700810

Keywords

CLC number

Navigation