Extracting abstract and keywords from context for academic articles

Abstract

Every year thousands of academic studies are published all over the world. When researchers search for a topic, they quickly look at abstracts and keywords. In many academic disciplines, the authors write keywords and abstracts in their publications. On the other hand, there are publications of some disciplines, such as social sciences which do not contain keywords and abstracted information. In addition, there may be no abstract or keyword in some of old publications in all disciplines. Search engines for academic publications usually conduct this search by checking keywords, abstracts and titles. The lack of an abstract and a keyword in the publication makes this situation difficult to provide accurate search results and it prevents the researcher to review the publication quickly. This study proposes a method to generate keywords and an abstract from the text that can be used in academic studies. In the previous studies, k-NN and fuzzy CCG methods have been generally used to solve this problem. Nonetheless, the structures of words have not been examined and semantic analysis has not been used for solving this problem. In this study, the sections of the publication are also divided into parts such as the references, the introduction and the methodology. Each section is graded differently so that the word in each section has a different score. Furthermore, NLP methods were used to analyze texts and phrases, removing prepositions and conjunctions. After these processes, the data was used to generate the keyword using TF–IDF. Text generation for abstract is also performed using the TextRank method with this data. Thus, much more successful, truthful and contextually relevant keywords and abstracts are produced. The proposed method was tested on Sobiad Academic Database, which is employed by 72 universities in Turkey, covering more than 250,000 academic publications. Experimental results were measured with precision and F measure, and the results were found to be promising compared to the previous studies, which focused on keyword derivation and abstract generation.

Appendix 1: Detail results of Sect. 4

Title	Transnational Intersections: Rethinking Social Sciences with Jeff Hearn
Author’s keywords	Transnationalism, Intersectionism, Social Sciences, Jeff Hearn, Gex
Keywords of the proposed method	Hale Borak Boratav, old/new discrimination, Social Sciences, Transnationalism
Author’s abstract	Jeff Hearn, who conducted studies on the common areas of different cultures described as “transnational” in this article, sought to oversee the possibilities and difficulties of doing different, new, work trails and doing science from the tradition of making traditional binaries with the emphasis on “intersectionality”. The concepts were examined by giving examples from several different groups. In these examples, both Hearn’s work and the conclusions he has made are discussed. As an addendum and complement, the concept of “Gex”—the intersection of gender and sex, is studied through a feminist critique, some of which are based on traditional dualities. Because in the world we live on, both the concepts or phenomena separated by categorical, which in theory have sharp boundaries in practice, are left to the foreground approaches of blurred, singularity and pluralism. This was emphasized by discussing immigration and immigration issues, especially in the life practices of Syrian refugees living in our country. For a new social science practice, the main purpose of the article is to underline the above concepts
Abstract of the proposed method	In this context Hearn opposes the work of masculinities with borders and categories and believes that this work area should be called the field of Critical Studies on Men and Masculinities (CSMM) with a wide perspective covering all the different forms of men and masculinity. He wants to rethink social science with Jeff Hearn. The result is of course a much larger change in the diversity of those coming from Syria, which is a small part of the most visible and underlying mass. Transnational work is an example of a work that can be considered to be at an initial level, although Hearn’s new kind of demon, driven by the emphasis of transnationalism, could certainly be more ambitious
Title	China Factor and Its Reflections to Turkey’s Foreign Trade In Trade
Author’s keywords	International Trade, being Asian, China and Turkey
Keywords of the proposed method	China, Energy, Economics, Trade, Dollar
Author’s abstract	In this study, in 2001 China’s accession to the World Trade Organization and the resulting development of the “China factor” posed nude aims to examine the effects of international trade and Turkey’s foreign trade. In this article, a reflection of global trends in the production and foreign trade, especially the “China factor” and Asian patients to be dealt with and that Turkey’s exports to China, imports and foreign trade situation has been investigated. As a result, global phenomenon affecting Turkey’s foreign trade, international trade issues and compliance efforts into the international trading system was discussed and some proposals have been made to solve the problem
Abstract of the proposed method	The most important factors for failure to perform systematic studies for our exporters in China and the Asia-Pacific region include: Southeast Asia and Pacific trade is very strong, to be surrounded by major global trading nations and blocks of China, China between Turkey and enough of absence and bilateral investment relations of private trade agreements is undeveloped. This study aims to examine the impact of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001, with China and emerging factor in the development of international trade and the creation of Turkey’s foreign trade
Title	The Idea of Time and History in the Philosophy of Ibni Khaldun
Author’s keywords	Ibn Khaldun, History Philosophy, Umran Science, History
Keywords of the proposed method	Umran Science, History, Natural Entity, Chronology
Author’s abstract	Ibn Khaldun has given a new dimension to the history of history and understanding of time that has reached him within the process of historical development and has made a great impact on the emergence of philosophy of history as a new discipline. While history until that time was chronologically composed of the transmission and narration of historical events, Ibn Khaldun emphasizes the necessity of conceiving social events in the cause-effect relation, as we will see in the western philosophy of the new science and historical examples that he called “Umran Ilmi”. Instead of examining history in chronological order, Ibn Khaldun suggests the principles that uncover it, the study of causes. According to the general widespread understanding in the world of Islam, one of the greatest contributions of history to human beings is its inclusion of a spiritual education element. In this sense it is important to consider to the history
Abstract of the proposed method	According to Ibni Haldun, nervousness is a gathering of people from a generation who must have a power, might and superiority and gather around an ideal. Ibni Haldun refers to a group of solidarity and social integration and an ideal, to interlock with the influence of various factors. Ibni Haldun, who thinks that his child is different in different ages and different groups, indicates that the same siblings come together to form a power union for certain goals and ideals. Thinking reveals irritability as a principle and as a matter of fact in the original form of bedouin umran  In this respect, Ibn Khaldun’s comparison with his previous and later thinkers allows him to see the dimensions of his philosophy, rather than as a contribution to a better understanding of his thoughts. As a whole of his work, which is shaped according to the law determined by God, the knowledge obtained from the historical perspective in the understanding of history differs from the other sciences in terms of the understanding of the laws as it is only the object from the epistemological point of view