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The Role of Culture and Acculturation in Researchers’ Perceptions of Rules in Science

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Abstract

Successfully navigating the norms of a society is a complex task that involves recognizing diverse kinds of rules as well as the relative weight attached to them. In the United States (U.S.), different kinds of rules—federal statutes and regulations, scientific norms, and professional ideals—guide the work of researchers. Penalties for violating these different kinds of rules and norms can range from the displeasure of peers to criminal sanctions. We proposed that it would be more difficult for researchers working in the U.S. who were born in other nations to distinguish the seriousness of violating rules across diverse domains. We administered a new measure, the evaluating rules in science task (ERST), to National Institutes of Health-funded investigators (101 born in the U.S. and 102 born outside of the U.S.). The ERST assessed perceptions of the seriousness of violating research regulations, norms, and ideals, and allowed us to calculate the degree to which researchers distinguished between the seriousness of each rule category. The ERST also assessed researchers’ predictions of the seriousness that research integrity officers (RIOs) would assign to the rules. We compared researchers’ predictions to the seriousness ratings of 112 RIOs working at U.S. research-intensive universities. U.S.-born researchers were significantly better at distinguishing between the seriousness of violating federal research regulations and violating ideals of science, and they were more accurate in their predictions of the views of RIOs. Acculturation to the U.S. moderated the effects of nationality on accuracy. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of future research and education.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Mobolaji Fowose for assistance with the literature search.

Funding was provided by National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (US) (Grant No. 2UL1 TR000448-06), Office of Research Integrity (U.S.) (Grant No. ORIIR140009), and National Human Genome Research Institute (Grant No. K01HG008990).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8005, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Alison L. Antes, Kari A. Baldwin & James M. DuBois

  2. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1125, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA

    Tammy English

Authors
  1. Alison L. Antes
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  2. Tammy English
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  3. Kari A. Baldwin
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  4. James M. DuBois
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to James M. DuBois.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Appendix

Appendix

Items from the Evaluating Rules in Science Task

Research Regulations and Statutes

  1. 1.

    Disclose all financial conflicts of interest in research.

  2. 2.

    Give credit when using the words of other people.

  3. 3.

    Complete federally mandated training programs.

  4. 4.

    Only report findings that accurately reflect research data.

  5. 5.

    Share data when required by funding agencies.

  6. 6.

    Ensure salary charged to grants reflects actual time spent on the project.

Norms of Science

  1. 7.

    Read and approve the final text of articles when listed as an author.

  2. 8.

    Completely describe your analysis approach in research publications.

  3. 9.

    Be objective when reviewing the work of peers.

  4. 10.

    Discuss limitations of studies when publishing results.

  5. 11.

    Report initial hypotheses or research questions regardless of study results.

  6. 12.

    Ensure all electronic data are backed up to protect them from loss.

Professional Ideals

  1. 13.

    Be available to colleagues who need assistance.

  2. 14.

    Volunteer to serve on committees of professional associations.

  3. 15.

    Work hard to produce publications in high quality journals.

  4. 16.

    Build relationships with the people working in compliance offices.

  5. 17.

    Attend events aimed at building a community of scholars.

  6. 18.

    Share study findings with the public.

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Antes, A.L., English, T., Baldwin, K.A. et al. The Role of Culture and Acculturation in Researchers’ Perceptions of Rules in Science. Sci Eng Ethics 24, 361–391 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9876-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9876-4

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