Skip to main content

Forward checking with backmarking

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 923))

Abstract

The forward checking routine (FC) of Haralick and Elliott attempts to encourage early failures within the search tree of constraint satisfaction problems, leading to a reduction in nodes visited, which tends to result in reduced search effort. In contrast, Gaschnig's backmarking routine (BM) attempts to avoid performing redundant consistency checks. These two algorithms are combined to give FC-BM, an algorithm that attempts to minimise the number of nodes visited, while avoiding redundant consistency checks. This algorithm is further enhanced such that it incorporates conflict-directed backjumping (CBJ) to give FC-BM-CBJ. A series of experiments are then carried out on really hard problems in an attempt to position these new algorithms with respect to the known algorithms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. J.R. Bitner and E. Reingold, Backtrack programming techniques, Commun. ACM 18 (1975) 651–656

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. Cheeseman, B. Kanefsky, W.M. Taylor, Where the really hard problems are. Proc UCAI-91 (1991) 331–337

    Google Scholar 

  3. R. Dechter and J. Pearl, Network-based heuristics for constraint-satisfaction problems, Artif. Intell. 34(1) (1988) 1–38

    Google Scholar 

  4. R. Dechter, Enhancement schemes for constraint processing: backjumping, learning, and cutset decomposition, Artif. Intell. 41 (3) (1990) 273–312

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. Dechter, Constraint Networks, in Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence (Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 1992) 276–286

    Google Scholar 

  6. E.C. Freuder and R.J. Wallace, Partial constraint satisfaction, Artif. Intell. 58(1–3) (1992) 21–70

    Google Scholar 

  7. J. Gaschnig, A General Backtracking Algorithm that Eliminates Most Redundant Tests, Proc IJCAI-77 (1977) 457

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. Gaschnig, Performance measurement and analysis of certain search algorithms, Tech. Rept. CMU-CS-79-124, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  9. M.L. Ginsberg, Dynamic backtracking, JAIR 1 (1993) 25–46

    Google Scholar 

  10. R.M. Haralick and G.L. Elliott, Increasing Tree Search Efficiency for Constraint Satisfaction Problems, Artif. Intell. 14 (1980) 263–313

    Google Scholar 

  11. V. Kumar, Algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems: a survey, AI magazine 13 (1) (1992) 32–44

    Google Scholar 

  12. A.K. Mackworth, Constraint Satisfaction, In: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, Second Edition, Volume 1, 285–293

    Google Scholar 

  13. P. Meseguer, Constraint satisfaction problems: an overview, AICOM 23 (1) (1989) 3–17

    Google Scholar 

  14. B.A. Nadel, Constraint Satisfaction Algorithms, Computational Intelligence 5(4): 188–224, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  15. P. Prosser, Distributed asynchronous scheduling, PhD Thesis, Department of Computer Science, Univesrity of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  16. P. Prosser, BM+BJ=BMJ, Proc CAIA-93 (1993) 257–262

    Google Scholar 

  17. P. Prosser, Domain filtering can degrade intelligent backtracking search, Proc IJCAI-93 (1993) 262–267

    Google Scholar 

  18. P. Prosser, Hybrid algorithms for the constraint satisfaction problem, Computational Intelligence 9(3) 268–299

    Google Scholar 

  19. P. Prosser, Binary constraint satisfaction problems: some are harder than others, Proc ECAI-94 (1994) 95–99

    Google Scholar 

  20. B.M. Smith, Forward Checking, the ATMS and search reduction, in Reason maintenance systems and their applications, Editors B.M. Smith and G. Kelleher, Ellis Horwood Series in Artificial Intelligence, pages 155–168

    Google Scholar 

  21. B.M. Smith, Phase transition and the mushy region in constraint satisfaction problems, Proc ECAI-94 (1994) 100–104

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Manfred Meyer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Prosser, P. (1995). Forward checking with backmarking. In: Meyer, M. (eds) Constraint Processing. CP CP 1994 1993. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 923. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59479-5_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-59479-5_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-59479-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-49281-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics