Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T16:09:31.969Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The science of animal welfare and its relevance to whales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

DM Broom*
Affiliation:
Centre for Animal Welfare and Anthrozoology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
*

Extract

The welfare of animals is a major factor affecting the acceptability of human activities, and hence their sustainability, and whales are the subject of much concern because they are considered to be sentient animals. The scientific study of animal welfare has developed rapidly and now allows evaluation of the effects on whale welfare of disturbance by boats, harpoon entry, pulling whales to a boat, capture procedures, the point of unconsciousness and consequences for animals that escape. Useful data are now being collected on some aspects but recent evidence shows that, on average, during the capture and killing of whales, there is a high magnitude of poor welfare and the procedure is not humane.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2013 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aland, A and Madec, F 2009 Sustainable Animal Production. Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The NetherlandsCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, CL and Brakes, P 2013 Whaling and whale killing methods. Animal Welfare 22: 109111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.1.109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, RM, Anderson, J and Blaney, RJP 2002 Moral intensity and willingness to pay concerning farm animal welfare issues and the implications for agricultural policy. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 15: 187202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015036617385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blix, AS, Folkow, LP and SØrlie, DG 2000 Simulations of the effect of currently used grenade harpoons for the killing of whales using a pig-model. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41: 237–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM 1986 Indicators of poor welfare. British Veterinary Journal 142: 524526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/00071935(86)90109-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broom, DM 1988 The scientific assessment of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behavior Science 20: 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(88)90122-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 1991a Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. Journal of Animal Science 69: 41674175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 1991b Assessing welfare and suffering. Behavioural Processes 25: 117123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/03766357 (91)90014-QCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 1998 Welfare, stress and the evolution of feelings. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27: 371–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60369-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 1999 The welfare of vertebrate pests in relation to their management. In: Cowan, PD and Feare, CJ (eds) Advances in Vertebrate Pest Management pp 309329. Filander Verlag: Fürth, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2001 Coping, stress and welfare. In: Broom, DM (ed) Coping with Challenge: Welfare in Animals including Humans pp 19 Dahlem University Press: Berlin, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2003 The Evolution of Morality and Religion. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2006 The evolution of morality. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100: 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim. 2006.04.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2007a Cognitive ability and sentience: which aquatic animals should be protected? Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 75: 99108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao075099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2007b Quality of life means welfare: how is it related to other concepts and assessed? Animal Welfare 16(S): 4553Google Scholar
Broom, DM 2008 The welfare of livestock during transport. In: Appleby, M, Cussen, V, Garcés, L, Lambert, L and Turner, J (eds) Long Distance Transport and the Welfare of Farm Animals pp 157–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845934033.0157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2010a Animal welfare: an aspect of care, sustainability, and food quality required by the public. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 37: 8388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.37.1.83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM 2010b Cognitive ability and awareness in domestic animals and decisions about obligations to animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 126: 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2010.05.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM and Fraser, AF 2007 Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Fourth Edition pp 438. CABI: Wallingford, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM and Johnson, KG 2000 Stress and Animal Welfare. Kluwer: Dordrecht, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Butterworth, A 2005 Death at sea: when is a whale dead? Veterinary Journal 169: 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.03.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butterworth, A, Sadler, L, Knowles, TG and Kestin, SC 2004 Evaluating possible indicators of insensibility and death in cetacea. Animal Welfare 13: 1317Google Scholar
Dawkins, MS 1980 Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare. Chapman and Hall: London, UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5905-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desportes, G, Buholzer, L, Andersen-Hansen, K, Blanchet, MA, Acquarone, M, Shephard, G, Brando, S, Vossen, A and Siebert, U 2007 Decrease stress; train your animals: the effect of handling method on cortisol levels in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) under human care. Aquatic Mammals 33: 286292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/AM.33.3.2007.286CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, IJH 1981 Animal rights: animal welfare, a scientist's assessment. Poultry Science 60: 489499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0600489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, IJH and Petherick, JC 1991 The implications of cognitive processes for animal welfare. Journal of Animal Science 69: 50175022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, D 2008 Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science in its Cultural Context. Wiley Blackwell: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Gales, N, Leaper, R and Papastavrou, V 2007 Is Japan's whaling humane? Marine Policy 32: 408412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2007.08.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giménez, J, De Stephanis, R, Gauffier, P, Esteban, R and Verborgh, P 2011 Biopsy wound healing in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas). Veterinary Record 168: 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.c5284CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodson, AD, Mayo, RH, Klinowska, M and Bloom, PRS 1994 Field testing passive acoustic devices designed to reduce the entanglement of small cetaceans in fishing gear. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 15: 597605Google Scholar
Higham, JE and Lusseau, D 2007 Urgent need for empirical research into whaling and whale watching. Conservation Biology 21: 554558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00580.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ishikawa, H and Shigemune, H 2008 Comparative experiment of whaling grenades in the Japanese whale research program under special permit (JARPA and JARPN). Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 13: 2128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolly, DC 1986 Stunning whales. Nature, London 324: 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324418a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kestin, SC 2001 Review of welfare concerns relating to commercial and special permit (scientific) whaling. Veterinary Record 148: 304307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.148.10.304CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkden, RD, Edwards, JSS and Broom, DM 2003 A theoretical comparison of the consumer surplus and the elasticities of demand as measures of motivational strength. Animal Behaviour 65: 157178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.2035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, TG and Butterworth, A 2006 Immediate immobilisation of a minke whale using a grenade harpoon requires striking a restricted target area. Animal Welfare 15: 5557Google Scholar
Knudsen, SK 2005 A review of the criteria used to assess insensibility and death in hunted whales compared to other species. The Veterinary Journal 169: 4259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.02.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudsen, SK and ⊘en, EO 2003 Blast-induced neurotrauma in whales. Neuroscience Research 46: 377386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-0102(03)00101-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, ED, Reeves, RR and Evely, A 1986 Bibliography of Whale Killing Techniques. International Whaling Commission: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Nowacek, DP, Johnson, MP and Tyack, PL 2004 North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) ignore ships but respond to alerting stimuli. Proceedings of Biological Sciences 271: 227231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2570CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowacek, DP, Thorne, LH, Johnston, DW and Tyack, PI 2007 Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise. Mammal Review 37: 81115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.13652907.2007. 00104.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
⊘en, EO 1995a Description and analysis of the use of cold harpoons in the Norwegian minke whale hunt in the 1981, 1982 and 1983 hunting seasons. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 36: 103110Google Scholar
⊘en, EO 1995b A Norwegian penthrite grenade for minke whales: hunting trials with prototypes and results from the hunt in 1984, 1985 and 1986. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 36: 111121Google Scholar
Reiss, D and Marino, L 2001 Mirror self-recognition in the bottle nose dolphin: a cased cognitive consequence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 59375942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101086398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swarbrick, O 2001 Whaling and welfare. The Veterinary Record 148: 351Google ScholarPubMed
Webster, J 1994 Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden. Blackwell: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar