In the post-Cold War era, the United States insisted on developing a national missile defense (NMD) system for national security, which not only caused strong discontent of countries, but further weakened security and international status of Russia. The development of NMD system also threatened nuclear balance and repudiated an Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty between the U.S. and the Russia. It might bring another arms race. By document analysis method and historical research method, the thesis explores what countermeasures Russia has to the NMD system. Basically, diplomacy and military strategy are main means. The reason there was a chasm between the U.S. and the Russia on the NMD and ABM was that the U.S. attempted to strengthen its status of world military power. With weakening economic strength, the Russia was unable to invest huge budget in enhancement and extension of technology; therefore, it must choose the most-effective measure to contend against defensive nuclear impact from the U.S. In diplomacy the Russia emphasized internationally the value of ABM Treaty for global nuclear balance. In international policy the Russia alienated the United State’s allies, strengthening military cooperation with its neighbors, and consolidating international status to enhance reciprocal relations with the U.S. by global anti-terrorism. In military affairs the Russia declared its determination to use nuclear weapon if necessary, undertaking improvement of nuclear weapon aimed for the weakness of NMD, and finally modernizing military system to enhance national defense. The thesis pursues the following goals: 1.To clarify the realization of the NMD project by USA. 2.To study the contest between Russia and USA in relation to the NMD system. 3.To investigate the adjustments of Russia’s policy in the course of the above mentioned contest. 4.To explore in details the position of Russian government on the NMD issue.