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蓮華池2號試驗集水區基流退水分析

Baseflow Recession Analysis of the Lienhuachih Experimental Watershed No. 2

摘要


森林集水區降雨產生的逕流包括地表逕流、中間流、基流等三類,長時間無降雨時的流量以基流為主,其退水現象與土壤及母質的水力特性有關。基流退水分析方法包括圖解法、解析法等,假設集水區為單一含水層的條件下,解析法以線性或非線性方程式表示基流的退水特性。本研究蒐集林業試驗所蓮華池研究中心2號試驗集水區2000年至2013年共48場次無降雨期間的基流流量資料,每一場次的資料乃以降雨停止後第3日的流量當作起始流量,並且持續無降雨12日至15日的日流量。將每一場次資料應用解析法之指數方程式、負二次方程式、倒數方程式分別計算退水係數,再將退水係數帶入原方程式分別求出流量計算值Q_c(t),並與觀測值Q_0(t)計算平均相對誤差(ARE)及均方根誤差(RMSE),供比較三種方程式的適合度。48場次資料計算結果的指數方程式為:Q_t = Q_0e^(-0.0635t),其ARE的平均為0.075,RMSE的平均為0.025;負二次方程式為:Q_t = Q_0(1+0.0392.t)^(-2),其ARE平均為0.054,RMSE的平均為0.008;倒數方程式為為:Q_t = Q_0 /(1+0.1145.Q_0.t),其ARE平均為0.043,RMSE的平均為0.007。根據兩個母體平均數差的t-檢定結果,負二次方程式與倒數方程式的ARE或是RMSE差異都不顯著。然而,指數方程式與負二次方程式及倒數方程式之ARE或是RMSE則呈現顯著差異(P-value < 0.05)。由於負二次方程式乃假設基流的退水以土壤層以及淺層非拘限含水層的重力排水為主導,且飽和土壤水力傳導度隨深度增加而降低,較符合研究區域以往土壤水分勢能、水力傳導度等相關的研究結果,因此,其適合於蓮華池2號試驗集水區基流退水分析。

並列摘要


Runoff generated from rainfall in a forest watershed can be characterized into surface runoff, interflow, and baseflow. When there is no rainfall for a long period of time, runoff is mainly composed by the baseflow, in which the hydraulic characteristics of soil and parent material determine the recession. Methods of baseflow recession analysis include graphical method, analytical method and others. Under the assumption of single aquifer of watershed, analytical method expresses the baseflow recession characteristics by either linear or nonlinear equations. In this study, we gathered 48 baseflow-event records between 2000 and 2013 in the Lienhuachih experimental watershed No. 2 administrated by the Lienhuachih Research Center, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Each event of records was composed of an initial daily discharge starting from the 3^(rd) day after rainfall ceased to at least 12 to 15 days without any rainfall. Three equations, exponential equation, inverse quadratic equation, and reciprocal equation, were respectively applied to calculate the recession coefficients of each event. Then the obtained recession coefficients of each event were used to calculate discharge Qc(t) on the t day by three equations, respectively. The average relative error (ARE) and root mean square error (RMSE) calculated from observed discharge Q_0(t) and Qc(t) were used to evaluate the performance of these three equations. The results showed that the estimated exponential equation, inverse quadratic equation and reciprocal equation were Q_t = Q_0e^(-0.0635t), Q_t = Q_0(1+0.0392.t)^(-2) and Q_t = Q_0/(1+0.1145.Q_0.t), respectively. Their average ARE of 48 events by estimated exponential equation, inverse quadratic equation, and reciprocal equation were 0.075, 0.054 and 0.043 and average RMSE were 0.025, 0.008 and 0.007, respectively. According to the t-test of two population mean difference, the difference of ARE or RMSE between reciprocal equation and inverse quadratic equation were not significant; however, they were significant between exponential equation and the other two equations (P-value < 0.05). Based on the assumption of inverse quadratic equation that the recession of baseflow is dominated by the gravitational drainage of soil layer and shallow unconfined aquifers, and saturated soil hydraulic conductivity decreases with the increasing of depth, results of this study were consistent with previous research in the study area. As a result, this study suggests using the inverse quadratic equation when analyzing the baseflow recession of Lienhuachih experimental watershed No. 2.

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