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  • 學位論文

希臘羅馬時代自然法概念的演變

The Evolution of Natural Law in the Greco-Roman Period

指導教授 : 王世宗
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摘要


自然法概念是以自然現象論斷人事的觀點。自然法為文明初期以來持續的問題意識,此因自然本身雖不改變,但歷代學者對於自然的規律、自然的法則為何主張不一,對於自然規律的態度各有不同,故此問題意識持續不衰。從希臘至羅馬時代,探討自然法的學者從將自然法認知為最簡單的物質條件,提升至自然運作的道理,乃至於更進一步思考此運作之理的出處源頭,或者認為自然已為最高的層次。自然法概念的性質雖模糊籠統,但從希臘到羅馬時代,學者看待自然的觀點有意義上的轉變。   本論文首先分析自然法概念的性質以掌握自然法概念轉變的本質,說明自然法概念並非科學的立場,而是以物質原則作為人事準則的宇宙觀或人生觀,並簡述希臘羅馬時代自然觀點與自然法概念的關係。此後本文以時間為序,論述從希臘早期至羅馬晚期自然法概念提出的意義有何轉化。希臘早期的科學性研究為自然法概念的背景,後世的自然法概念多採擇此時所歸結的物質原則作為立論根據。自然法概念的成形則見於畢氏學派與赫拉克利圖的學說當中,其自然法論述有一貫通自然與人事的取向,而智士學派的自然法主張亦承此人文探索的脈絡。希臘晚期至希臘化時代的自然法概念藉早期希臘哲學歸結的物質原則表述人事觀點,以此作為其倫理學與人生觀的根據,柏拉圖學園、伊比鳩魯主義、斯多克主義皆有此傾向,而其自然法的立論目的乃心靈平靜的尋求。羅馬帝國時代自然法概念的道德性與宗教性增強,這主要呈現在後期的斯多克主義中。同時,自然法概念落實於法律之中,也顯示羅馬時代的自然法概念的現實性取向。本論文最後討論上帝信仰中的自然法概念,概述希臘羅馬時代上帝信仰(猶太教與基督教)中的自然法觀點,呈現自然法在上帝信仰中的特質,以此對比希臘羅馬哲學中的自然法概念,作為自然法概念一個整體的檢討。

並列摘要


The article aims to expound the meaning of the evolvement of natural law in the Greco-Roman period and thereby to argue the characteristic of natural law. The implication of the concept of natural law is uncertain and ambiguous. However, the concept of natural law could be understood as a way to explain affairs of human life according to natural phenomenon or natural principles. Normally, Scholars interpreted what “nature” is to obtain support for their opinions on the world or life. In the early Greek civilization, Pre-Socratic philosophers investigated the substances of matter as an attempt to explain what the principles of the universe were. The concept of natural law appears when Heraclitus and the Pythagoreans indicated that it was the same principle that explained the physical world and human life. The assertions of natural law afterwards, however, diverted to be the expressions of the scholars’ view of life. The Sophists claimed that the law of jungle as law of nature regarded as the standard for society. In the Hellenistic period, the ethics of the Old Academy, Stoicism and Epicureanism were based on the natural principles which were generalized by Pre-Socratic philosophers. Nevertheless, realizing that the principles of nature were insufficient for the explanation of the first cause of the universe and worldly affairs, later Roman Stoics identified nature with Providence or Supreme Being. Another tendency of natural law in Roman imperial age towards realistic, Roman law embodied the Stoic spirit of natural law. The definition of natural law remain uncertain in the Greco-Roman period but was confirmed in Judaism and Christianity, especially in Christian theology, as reason or human’s participation in God’s wisdom.

參考文獻


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