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摘要:
塔里木盆地是一个典型大型叠合盆地，发育在太古代-早中元古代的结晶基底之上，具有稳定克拉通性质.现今地表热流为43 mW·m-2，平均地温梯度为21℃·km-1，莫霍面温度为550℃，较低的热流背景值指示塔里木盆地经历了一个长期冷却加厚的过程.然而对于这样一个长期冷却过程，之前的研究都只停留在显生宙阶段，并未获得塔里木显生宙以前的热史.本文以塔里木地区已有的地热数据作为约束，依据地幔动力学模型设置底部边界条件，利用正演拟合的方法，反演出塔里木的背景热史，填补了该区域古生代以前热史研究的空白.结果表明，塔里木克拉通自形成以来背景热流不断降低（由85 mW·m-2降至43 mW·m-2），岩石圈持续加厚（由130 km加厚到190 km），在长时间尺度下，塔里木克拉通总体的热演化模式为长期冷却加厚，这与世界上其他典型克拉通的热演化规律类似.显生宙以来受到短期局部的构造-热事件影响，塔里木克拉通在长期冷却的趋势下叠加了约20~40 mW·m-2的热扰动.
Abstract:The Tarim basin is a typical large-scale superimposed structure which developed on a Archean-Early Proterozoic crystalline basement, with stable craton properties. Its present-day surface heat flux is only 43 mW·m-2, with average geothermal gradient 21℃·km-1 and Moho temperature 550℃. The low heat flow background value indicates that this basin experienced a process of secular cooling and thickening. However, for such a secular cooling process, previous studies only concentrated on Phanerozoic stage and did not cover the entire thermal history of Tarim. In this paper, we use the thermal data of the Tarim area as a constraint, and set up the bottom boundary conditions according to different mantle dynamic models. Then, the background thermal history of Tarim is reconstructed by forward modeling, which fills the gap in the study of thermal history before the Palaeozoic in this region. The results show that the background heat flow of Tarim was decreasing (reduced from 85 mW·m-2 to 43 mW·m-2) and the lithosphere was thickening (increased from 130 km to 190 km) continuously since the basin's formation. On a long time scale, the thermal evolution model of the Tarim craton is secular cooling and thickening, which is similar to that of other typical cratons in the world. While, under the influence of short-term local tectono-thermal events, the thermal history of the Tarim craton was superposed by about 20~40 mW·m-2 thermal disturbance on the trend of secular cooling.
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Key words:
- Tarim craton /
- Thermal evolution /
- Secular cooling /
- Lithosphere thickness /
- Tectono-thermal event
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图 2
正演拟合反演塔里木热史演化
Figure 2.
Thermal history evolution of Tarim derived from forward modeling
图 3
正演拟合反演塔里木不同地质年代的温度-深度曲线与热岩石圈厚度确定
Figure 3.
Temperature-depth curves of different ages in Tarim from forward modeling and thermal lithosphere thickness determination based on two models
表 1
塔里木盆地温度场正演拟合参数设置
Table 1.
Geothermal parameters of Tarim basin for forward modeling
分层 沉积层S 地壳C 地幔M 深度/km 0~8 8~45 45~190 热导率k/(W·m-1·K-1) 2.3 2.5 3.2 比热容Cp/(J·K-1·kg-1) 1000 1000 1000 密度ρ/(kg·m-3) 2300 2700 3300 生热率Ai0/(μW·m-3) 1.13 0.51 0.02 热流/(mW·m-2) 9 19 15 热流贡献率/% 21 44 35 现今地温梯度/(℃·km-1) 20.7±2.9 现今大地热流/(mW·m-2) 42.5±7.6(~43) 现今莫霍面温度/℃ 500~600 注：数据来源(范桃园和安美建, 2009; 刘绍文等, 2017). 
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表 2
利用不同方法获得塔里木岩石圈厚度
Table 2.
Thickness of the Tarim lithosphere obtained by different methods
研究者 岩石圈厚度/km 研究方法 张家茹等(1998) 100~130 地震转换波估计 Wang(2001) 235 上地幔温度随深度的分布来线性外推所得到的1300 ℃绝热等温温度 朱介寿(2002) 190 地震层析成像 Huang等(2003) 150 地震学 An和Shi(2006) 150 地震热学方法 刘绍文等(2017) 170~190 结合更新的岩石热物性参数、实测地表热流及地壳结构等深部构造资料计算
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表 3
参数测试与误差分析
Table 3.
Parameter test and error analysis
模型 描述 现今地表热流/(mW·m-2) 热流误差/% 现今莫霍面温度/℃ 温度误差/% 0 基准模型 43.105 - 597.426 - 1 初始深度测试 209 km 41.856 2.897 573.737 3.965 2 171 km 44.686 3.668 627.417 5.020 3 热导率测试 沉积层 2.53 45.368 5.251 591.586 0.977 4 2.07 40.628 5.747 603.815 1.069 5 地壳 2.75 41.659 3.355 564.394 5.529 6 2.25 44.610 3.492 635.172 6.318 7 地幔 3.52 44.192 2.522 618.041 3.451 8 2.88 41.954 2.670 575.594 3.654 9 生热率测试 沉积层 1.243 43.630 1.219 598.289 0.144 10 1.017 42.580 1.219 596.563 0.144 11 地壳 0.561 44.742 3.797 614.095 2.790 12 0.459 41.468 3.797 580.757 2.790 13 地幔 0.022 43.205 0.232 599.313 0.316 14 0.018 43.005 0.232 595.538 0.316 15 初始条件测试 式(10) 43.105 0 597.426 0 16 地壳分层测试 地壳分两层 42.474 1.465 583.362 2.354 注：按照表 1参数设置的模型称为基准模型，编号为0，其他参数变动时的计算结果都与之对比.比较的项目为现今地表热流与现今莫霍面温度.
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表 5
地壳生热率衰减与地壳热流变化
Table 5.
Decay of crustal heat generation rate and change of crustal heat flow
年龄/Ga 地壳生热率/(μW·m-3) 地壳热流/(mW·m-2) 地表热流/(mW·m-2) 比例/% 4 1.40 51.81 84.90 61 0 0.51 18.87 43.10 44 衰减量 0.89 32.94 41.80 79
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表 6
全球典型克拉通形成年龄与地表热流变化
Table 6.
Formation age and surface heat flow changes of global typical cratons
克拉通名称 年龄/Ga 形成时的地表热流/(mW·m-2) 现今地表热流/(mW·m-2) 数据来源 Kaapvaal basement (S. Africa) 3.5 76.18 44 Ballard and Pollack, 1987 Zimbabwe Craton 3.4 69.35 47 Jones, 1987 Slave Province 3.1 82.11 51 Mareschal et al., 2004 Wawa Subprovince 2.73 55.77 46.4 Perry et al., 2006 Lac de Gras 2.7 63.32 46 Griffin et al., 1999 Dharwar 3.5 62.14 38 Pandey and Agrawal, 1999 Singhbhum 3.4 80.18 61 Pandey and Agrawal, 1999 Bastar craton 2.7 86.35 56 Pandey and Agrawal, 1999 Southern Granulites 2.5 77.37 55 Pandey and Agrawal, 1999 Wyoming craton 3.4 94.70 48 Decker et al., 1988 Ukraine 3.6 72.99 37.3 Kutas, 1997 Sao Francisco Craton (Brazil) 3.2 57.96 42 Vitorello and Pollack, 1980 Grenville 1.3 43.57 41 Mareschal and Jaupart, 2004 Eastern United States (Prot) 1 45.16 42.18 Roy et al., 1968 Baltic shield 2 83.84 61.00 Balling, 1995 Egypt 0.9 49.23 45 Morgan, 1985 Tarim ~3 70.58 43 This paper
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表 4
正演拟合反演塔里木热史演化与岩石圈厚度变化
Table 4.
Thermal history evolution and lithosphere thickness variation of Tarim derived from forward modeling
时代 年龄/Ga 背景热流/(mW·m-2) 岩石圈厚度/km 太古代Archean 4.0~2.5 85~65 102/128~139/162 元古代Proterozoic 2.5~0.54 65~47 139/162~167/188 显生宙Phanerozoic 0.54~0 47~43 167/188~172/190 注：岩石圈厚度：102/128，其中102、128分别表示岩石圈厚度的上下限.
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