article information

Archives of Neuroscience: Vol.3, issue 2; e32127
published online: December 30, 2015
article type: Research Article
received: August 4, 2015
revised: August 19, 2015
accepted: September 8, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/archneurosci.32127
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Clinical Presentations of 176 Cases of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Case Series

authors:

avatar Farzad Ashrafi 1 , 2 , avatar Alireza Zali 2 , avatar Marzieh Amiri 3 , avatar Fatemeh Shabani 1 , *

Department of Neurology, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
Department of Emergency Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Anzali, IR Iran

how to cite: Ashrafi F, Zali A, Amiri M, Shabani F. Clinical Presentations of 176 Cases of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Case Series. Arch Neurosci. 2016;3(2):e32127. https://doi.org/10.5812/archneurosci.32127.

Abstract

Background:

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a malignant tumor, the incidence of which has been increasing in immune compromised patients during the last two decades.

Objectives:

This study was conducted to determine the most prevalent clinical presenting symptoms of PCNSL patients.

Patients and Methods:

In this retrospective descriptive study, all PCNSL patients’ data over a 25-year period (1990–2014) were assessed. PCNSL was confirmed pathologically after stereotactic biopsy in the Neurosurgery Department of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

Results:

A total of 176 cases of PCNSL were enrolled. There were 107 (60.8%) male patients, with a 1.5:1 male: female ratio. The patients most commonly presented in the sixth decade of their lives, with a mean age of 47 ± 1.5 years. The most common presenting symptoms were hemiparesis (56.2%) and headache (51.7%). The periventricular white matter (51.1%) and basal ganglion (48.9%) were the most common sites of involvement, and they frequently affected the supratentorial area (84.7%).

Conclusions:

Based on the data from this study, hemiparesis and headache were the most prevalent clinical presenting symptoms of PCNSL. Cognitive impairment and personality changes were also common in these patients.

1. Background

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a highly aggressive B-cell lymphoma. It is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that commonly originates in the brain parenchyma, spinal cord, cranial nerves, leptomeninges, and eyes. It is limited to the central nervous system (CNS), without any systemic involvement (1-4). Based on the available data, during the past two decades, the incidence of PCNSL has increased in immune compromised patients, including those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (5-7). Some investigators have mentioned that although the overall incidence of PCNSL is rising in immune competent patients over the age of 60 years, the application of highly active antiretroviral therapy against Epstein-Barr virus infections has led to a decreased incidence of AIDS-related PCNSL (8). However, PCNSL is still the most common brain tumor in AIDS patients, 2%–13% of whom are affected during the course of their disease (4, 9-12). PCNSL can occur in all age groups, but the highest prevalence was reported in the fifth to seventh decades of non-AIDS patients’ lives (12).

PCNSL tumors usually involve the supratentorial brain parenchyma, but symptoms often are widespread and multifocal (13). Due to widespread growth and the infiltrative nature of the disease, symptoms mainly include cognitive impairment, disorientation, slow psychomotor activity, and personality changes (13-15). Seizures develop in 2%–33% of patients during the course of the disease, with a higher seizure incidence in AIDS patients (16).

PCNSL is a challenge for physicians and researchers because of its increased incidence, specific clinical importance, and poorly understood pathobiology. Limited clinical studies and a lack of sufficient information lead to the poor prognosis for this disease, with a mean survival of 10–20 months (2). There are several published manuscripts on different aspects of PCNSL, but almost all were prepared with small sample sizes.

2. Objectives

This study was conducted to determine the most prevalent clinical presenting symptoms of PCNSL patients referred to Shohadaye Tajrish Medical Center over a 25-year period.

3. Patients and Methods

In this cross-sectional retrospective study, the records of all PCNSL patients admitted to the neurosurgery department of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital in Tehran, Iran, during a 25-year period (1990 – 2014) were assessed. PCNSL was confirmed pathologically after stereotactic biopsy in the neurosurgery department. There were no exclusion criteria except for defective files, if any. Data were collected from the archive of the Functional Neurosurgery Research Center at Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital. This center is one of the largest referral centers for stereotactic procedures in Iran, admitting hundreds of patients annually and saving the required data for various topics of investigation.

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and the researchers adhered to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. Variables included the demographic data and the clinical presenting symptoms (hemiparesis, headache, personality and cognitive disorders, seizures, ataxia, and aphasia). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 18. The results were calculated as percentages and quantitative frequencies, and are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and with diagrams.

4. Results

A total of 176 cases of PCNSL were enrolled. There were 107 (60.8%) males and 69 (39.2%) females, with a 1.5:1 male: female ratio. The mean age was 47 ± 1.5 years. The highest tumor incidence was during the sixth decade of life, followed by the seventh and fifth decades, respectively (Figure 1).

Frequency Distribution of PCNSL According to Patient Age
Frequency Distribution of PCNSL According to Patient Age
Figure 1.

Frequency Distribution of PCNSL According to Patient Age

The most common presenting symptoms were hemiparesis (56.2%), headache (51.7%), personality disorders and cognitive impairment (26.7%), seizure (12.5%), cranial nerve palsy (10.8%), ataxia (9.7%), aphasia (9.1%), and eye involvement (4%), respectively (Figure 2).

Clinical Symptom Frequency Distribution in PCNSL
Clinical Symptom Frequency Distribution in PCNSL
Figure 2.

Clinical Symptom Frequency Distribution in PCNSL

Based on imaging findings, the periventricular white matter (51.1%) and basal ganglion (48.9%) were the most common sites of involvement (Figure 3).

Frequency of Area of Involvement Based on Imaging Findings of PCNSL Patients
Frequency of Area of Involvement Based on Imaging Findings of PCNSL Patients
Figure 3.

Frequency of Area of Involvement Based on Imaging Findings of PCNSL Patients

The PCNSL tumors more commonly affected the supratentorial area (84.7%) compared to the subtentorial region (5.1%). Among all cases, 10.2% had both supratentorial and subtentorial involvement (Figure 4).

Frequency of Involvement Based on the Location of PCNSL Relative to the Tentorium
Frequency of Involvement Based on the Location of PCNSL Relative to the Tentorium
Figure 4.

Frequency of Involvement Based on the Location of PCNSL Relative to the Tentorium

5. Discussion

Hemiparesis and headache were the most prevalent clinical presenting symptoms among all of the PCNSL patients admitted to the Neurosurgery Department of Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital over the 25-year period of 1999–2014. Most research on this topic has been performed on small sample sizes, but this study benefitted from a comparatively larger sample size (17, 18). The demographic results, including mean age and the male-to-female ratio, were similar to those of studies by Makino et al. in 2006 and Rubenstein et al. in 2008 (19, 20). Our study showed that the highest prevalence of PCNSL is in the sixth decade of life; this finding is also compatible with other studies (21, 22). As reported as the main result of our study, Rubenstein et al. and Bhagavathi et al., in two separate studies in 2008, also found that sensory and motor symptoms were the most prevalent clinical presenting symptoms of PCNSL patients (20, 22). Rubenstein reported headaches in 55% and personality changes in 30% of patients. On the other hand, neuropsychiatric symptoms (43%) and headache (33%) were more common in the Bhagavathi et al. study. This is also compatible with the findings of Zali et al. in a study conducted in Iran in 2006 (21). In line with the findings of Kuker et al., periventricular white matter involvement was the most common site of tumor placement (23). In our study, 84.7% of PCNSLs involved the supratentorial area of the brain, which was the same as Bataille et al.’s findings in 2000 (24). Although PCNSL is rare, it most commonly presents in the fifth to sixth decades, with sensory and motor symptoms combined with headaches in the supratentorial region, involving the periventricular white matter and basal ganglia.

Some authors believe that the clinical presentation of PCNSL can differ between immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients (25). Therefore, a properly designed study based on this claim can be valuable. In the current study, only six immunocompromised patients were enrolled, so a statistical comparison was practically impossible. Based on the published literature, it seems that the incidence of PCNSL increases in immunocompetent individuals over 60 years old. However, interestingly, the total incidence has decreased in immunocompromised patients. It was reported that effective antiretroviral therapy against Epstein-Barr virus, considered one of the most important prorogating factors of PCNSL occurrence in HIV patients, would be effective in this manner (8). Overall, it can be concluded that the incidence of PCNSL is increasing and further research into this rare malignancy is still needed.

5.1. Implications for Future Research

The basic information that must be evaluated in a well-designed epidemiologic study include the clinical course of the patients, possible complications after stereotactic biopsy, postoperative computed tomography findings, rate of second biopsy implication, sampling errors, problems with histopathological diagnoses, rate of immunohistochemistry implications to prove diagnoses, adjuvant therapies, success rates of treatments, tumor-control intervals, and overall survival of the patients.

5.2. Conclusions

This study emphasizes that the clinical symptoms of PCNSL are not specific and, as with other intracranial tumors, sensory and motor symptoms are the most common. Based on data from this study, most PCNSL patients are males in the sixth decade of life. Hemiparesis and headache were the most prevalent clinical presenting symptoms of PCNSL patients, and cognitive impairment and personality changes were also common.

Acknowledgements

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