Anim Biosci > Volume 34(9); 2021 > Article |
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Authors | Birds (n) | Period (d) | Essential oils | Dose (mg/kg) |
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Loh et al [56] | 96 | 0–21 | Blend (thy, ane) | 0–150 |
Ciftci et al [57] | 240 | 5–42 | Cinnamon EOs | 0–500 |
Isabel and Santos [58] | 660 | 0–46 | Blend (clove & cinnamon EOs) | 0–100 |
Malayoğlu et al [30] | 450 | 0–21 | oregano EOs | 0–500 |
Tiihonen et al [51] | 720 | 0–42 | Blend (thy, cin) | 0–20 |
Amad et al [9] | 528 | 0–42 | Blend (thy, ane) | 0–750 |
Amerah et al [59] | 192 | 0–35 | Blend (cin, thy) | 0–100 |
Alp et al [60] | 1200 | 0–42 | Oregano EOs | 0–300 |
Bravo et al [61] | 240 | 0–21 | Blend (car, cin) | 0–100 |
Bozkurt et al [62] | 1248 | 0–42 | Blend (car, 1,8-cin, cam, thy) | 0–48 |
Engberg et al [63] | 640 | 0–35 | Artemisia annua oil EOs | 0–500 |
Mueller et al [64] | 240 | 0–35 | Blend (turmeric, oregano, thyme, rosemary EOs) | 0–150 |
Hashemipour et al [27] | 240 | 0–42 | Blend (thy, car) | 0–200 |
Sarica and Corduk [65] | 135 | 0–21 | Oregano EOs, pepper EOs | 0–250 |
Betancourt et al [66] | 750 | 0–42 | Oregano EOs | 0–200 |
Habibi et al [67] | 168 | 0–49 | Ginger root EOs (zin, β-ses, sab, ar-cur, β-bis) | 0–150 |
Humer et al [68] | 432 | 0–35 | Blend (thy, ane) | 0–150 |
Khattak et al [5] | 960 | 0–42 | Blend (EOs from basil, caraway, laurel, lemon, oregano, sage, tea, and thyme) | 0–60 |
Ghazi et al [69] | 120 | 0–42 | Oregano EOs | 0–250 |
Pirgozliev et al [70] | 310 | 0–21 | Blend (cin, car) | 0–100 |
Aristimunha et al [12] | 930 | 0–42 | Blend (thy, eug, pip) | 0–300 |
Hafeez et al [71] | 600 | 0–42 | Blend (men, ane) | 0–100 |
Basmacioğlu-Malayoğlu et al [10] | 240 | 0–42 | Blend (car, cum, eug) | 0–300 |
Kim et al [6] | 840 | 0–35 | Blend (thy, ane) | 0–150 |
Ding et al [72] | 192 | 0–42 | Star anise EOs (ane) | 0–200 |
Masouri et al [33] | 288 | 0–42 | Khuzistanica EOs (car) | 0–500 |
Mohiti-Asli and Ghanaatparast-Rashti [73] | 200 | 0–42 | Blend (oregano, anise and citrus peel) | 0–500 |
Paraskeuas et al [74] | 150 | 0–42 | Blend (men, ane, eug) | 0–150 |
Ri et al [75] | 180 | 0–42 | Oregano EOs | 0–150 |
Altop et al [28] | 375 | 0–42 | Sweet gum EOs | 0–162.2 |
Giannenas et al [76] | 320 | 0–42 | Blend (β-car, men) | 0–500 |
Hosseini and Meimandipour [77] | 150 | 0–42 | Thyme EOs | 0–80 |
Mohiti-Asli and Ghanaatparast-Rashti [78] | 200 | 0–42 | Blend (oregano, anise and citrus peel) and oregano | 0–500 |
Pirgozliev et al [7] | 256 | 0–21 | Blend (cin, car, cap) | 0–100 |
Park and Kim [38] | 360 | 0–42 | Blend (thy, eug, pip) | 0–300 |
Reis et al [52] | 240 | 0–42 | Blend (car, thy, cin) | 0–500 |
Abdel-Wareth et al [25] | 384 | 0–35 | peppermint EOs and men | 0–222 |
Attia et al [11] | 216 | 0–36 | Blend (cin, thy) | 0–150 |
Galli et al [53] | 135 | 0–44 | Blend (car, thy, cin) | 0–100 |
Nouri [79] | 300 | 0–14 | mint EOs, thyme EOs, cinnamon EOs | 0–55 |
Placha et al [80] | 96 | 0–28 | Thyme EOs | 0–100 |
EOs, essential oils; thy, thymol; ane, anethole; car, carvacrol; cin, cinnamaldehyde; 1,8-cin, 1,8-cineole; zin, zingiberene; β-ses, β-sesquiphellandrene; sab, sabinene; ar-cur, ar-curcumene; β-bis, β-bisabolene, eug, eugenol; pip, piperine; men, menthol; cum, cuminaldehyde; β-car, β-caryophillene; cap, capsicum oleoresin.
Response variables | n | Model | Variable estimates | Model estimates | ||||||
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Intercept | SEIntercept | Slope | SESlope | p-value | RMSE | AIC1) | BIC2) | |||
Production performance | ||||||||||
Body weight (g) | 152 | L | 2,065 | 110.5 | 0.1668 | 0.1791 | <0.0001 | 267.79 | 2,267 | 2,283 |
Feed intake (g/period) | 149 | Q | 3,482 | 207.6 | −0.2197 | 0.3095 | <0.0001 | 445.54 | 2,392 | 2,396 |
−0.0005 | 0.0014 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Feed conversion ratio | 149 | L | 1.67 | 0.031 | −0.0002 | 0.00004 | <0.0001 | 0.06 | −212 | −208 |
Body weight gain (g/bird·d) | 152 | L | 55.7 | 2.03 | 0.004 | 0.004 | <0.0001 | 5.24 | 1,082 | 1,104 |
ADFI (g/bird/d) | 149 | L | 94.5 | 3.90 | −0.006 | 0.006 | <0.0001 | 8.78 | 1,225 | 1,228 |
Nutrient digestibility (%) | ||||||||||
Dry matter | 23 | L | 71.31 | 2.108 | 0.0019 | 0.0049 | <0.0001 | 2.83 | 141 | 145 |
Crude protein | 30 | L | 73.71 | 2.505 | 0.0048 | 0.0068 | <0.0001 | 5.58 | 215 | 218 |
Ether extract | 20 | L | 85.92 | 2.369 | 0.0058 | 0.0051 | <0.0001 | 3.83 | 129 | 133 |
Relative organ weight (% BW) | ||||||||||
Carcass | 34 | L | 60.67 | 2.078 | 0.004 | 0.003 | <0.0001 | 1.45 | 167 | 170 |
Breast meat | 10 | L | 23.51 | 7.651 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.054 | 0.68 | 55 | 58.6 |
Abdominal fat | 23 | L | 1.88 | 0.203 | −0.0001 | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | 0.17 | 31 | 34.4 |
Gizzard | 26 | Q | 3.00 | 0.711 | 0.000573 | 0.0012 | 0.004 | 0.31 | 91 | 94.2 |
−2.24E-6 | 3.177E-6 | <0.01 | ||||||||
Lymphoid organ weight (% BW) | ||||||||||
Liver | 57 | Q | 5.52 | 2.622 | 0.001048 | 0.001163 | 0.067 | 0.51 | 235 | 239 |
−4.83E-6 | 2.071E-6 | 0.054 | ||||||||
Spleen | 44 | Q | 0.25 | 0.108 | −0.00001 | 0.000035 | 0.057 | 0.01 | −98 | −94.4 |
6.918E-8 | 0.00001 | 0.042 | ||||||||
Bursa of Fabricius | 31 | Q | 0.19 | 0.012 | −2.73E-6 | 0.000094 | <0.0001 | 0.02 | −73 | −69.3 |
−2.27E-9 | 0.00001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Pancreas | 38 | L | 0.58 | 0.156 | 0.0001 | 0.00004 | 0.006 | 0.03 | −70 | −66 |
SE, standard error; RMSE, root mean square error; AIC, akaike information criterion; BIC, bayesian information criterion; L, linear; Q, quadratic; ADFI, average daily feed intake; BW, body weight.
Response variables | n | Model | Variable estimates | Model estimates | ||||||
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Intercept | SEIntercept | Slope | SESlope | p-value | RMSE | AIC1) | BIC2) | |||
Cecal microbes (Log CFU/g) | ||||||||||
Escherichia coli | 26 | L | 6.98 | 0.440 | −0.0002 | 0.0006 | <0.0001 | 0.46 | 76 | 79.4 |
Lactobacillus | 30 | L | 7.10 | 0.645 | 0.0010 | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | 0.26 | 74 | 77.8 |
Coliform | 21 | L | 5.42 | 1.648 | 0.0003 | 0.0006 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 57 | 60.7 |
Intestinal morphology (μm) | ||||||||||
Villus height | 29 | L | 920.1 | 163.03 | 0.198 | 0.102 | 0.0005 | 88.13 | 375 | 379 |
Villus width | 14 | L | 129.9 | 19.98 | −0.018 | 0.034 | 0.0074 | 15.26 | 127 | 131 |
Crypth depth | 29 | Q | 170.5 | 30.46 | −0.1023 | 0.09882 | 0.0006 | 23.12 | 313 | 317 |
−0.102 | 0.099 | 0.0005 | ||||||||
Height/depth | 12 | L | 5.6 | 1.25 | −0.0002 | 0.002 | 0.0211 | 1.55 | 63 | 66.2 |
Serum metabolites | ||||||||||
IgG (μg/mL) | 13 | L | 10.99 | 6.107 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.169 | 2.43 | 83 | 86.7 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 39 | Q | 87.68 | 14.056 | 0.01704 | 0.02387 | 0.0001 | 7.50 | 334 | 338 |
−0.00008 | 0.00005 | 0.0002 | ||||||||
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44 | Q | 131.05 | 22.050 | −0.04666 | 0.04605 | 0.0001 | 14.73 | 432 | 436 |
0.000209 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
HDL (mg/dL) | 18 | L | 75.88 | 13.990 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 0.0056 | 5.65 | 139 | 143 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 15 | L | 46.16 | 3.489 | −0.022 | 0.007 | 0.0009 | 3.56 | 97 | 100 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 28 | L | 240.18 | 11.120 | 0.050 | 0.032 | <0.0001 | 14.92 | 251 | 254 |
Albumin (mg/dL) | 15 | Q | 1.62 | 0.253 | 0.002053 | 0.0014 | 0.0032 | 0.18 | 47 | 50.5 |
−5.13E-6 | 3.068E-6 | 0.0031 | ||||||||
Protein (mg/dL) | 25 | L | 4.18 | 0.616 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.0011 | 0.55 | 76 | 79.5 |
Globulin (mg/dL) | 12 | L | 1.93 | 0.329 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.0099 | 0.68 | 41 | 44.9 |
SE, standard error; RMSE, root mean square error; AIC, akaike information criterion; BIC, bayesian information criterion; CFU, colony forming unit; IgG, Immunoglobulin G; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.
Response variables | Unit | n | Con1) | AB1) | Type of EOs bioactive compounds1) | SEM | p-value | |||||
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Thy-BC | Car-BC | Cin-BC | Men-BC | EOB 1 | EOB 2 | |||||||
Production performance | ||||||||||||
Body weight | g | 152 | 2,042b | 2,075ab | 1,945c | 2,174ab | 2,096ab | 2,120ab | 2,270a | 2,082ab | 59.34 | 0.080 |
Feed Intake | g | 149 | 3,476 | 3,487 | 3,213 | 3,440 | 3,451 | 3,445 | 3,718 | 3,480 | 109.33 | 0.304 |
Feed conversion ratio | g feed/g gain | 149 | 1.68a | 1.66ab | 1.62b | 1.56c | 1.62b | 1.60b | 1.64b | 1.65b | 0.02 | <0.001 |
Body weight gain | g/ bird/d | 152 | 55.05b | 55.71b | 53.96c | 57.87ab | 57.72ab | 56.73b | 59.74a | 56.32b | 1.11 | 0.059 |
Nutrient digestibility | ||||||||||||
Dry matter | % | 23 | 70.85 | 71.79 | 69.57 | - | 73.64 | 66.58 | 73.6 | 73.28 | 1.37 | 0.472 |
Crude protein | % | 30 | 72.41 | 74.46 | 73.13 | - | 79.38 | 79.65 | 75.51 | 76.19 | 1.92 | 0.635 |
Ether extract | % | 20 | 84.98 | 83.86 | 86.61 | - | 90.88 | 87.22 | 90.07 | 83.46 | 1.49 | 0.329 |
Relative organ weight | ||||||||||||
Carcass | % BW | 34 | 69.36b | 69.88b | 71.19ab | 69.84b | 73.29a | 69.69b | 69.29b | 67.73b | 0.91 | 0.067 |
Abdominal fat | % BW | 23 | 1.89 | 2.13 | 1.96 | - | 1.81 | - | 2.01 | 1.57 | 0.13 | 0.173 |
Lymphoid organ weight | ||||||||||||
Liver | % BW | 57 | 2.32b | 2.2b | 2.58a | 2.34ab | 2.11b | 2.11b | 2.09b | 2.5ab | 0.09 | 0.071 |
Spleen | % BW | 44 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.914 |
Bursa of Fabricius | % BW | 31 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.20 | - | 0.19 | - | 0.01 | 0.178 |
Pancreas | % BW | 38 | 0.58 | 0.57 | 0.62 | - | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.213 |
1) Con, control; AB, antibiotics; Thy-BC, thymol-based compound; Car-BC, carvacrol-based compound; Cin-BC; cinnamaldehyde-based compound; Men-BC, menthol-based compound; EOB 1, essential oils blend containing one of more of thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde compounds; EOB 2, essential oils blend based on terpenoids group (linalool, geraniol, thujanol, borneol, menthol, citronnillol, terpineol).
Response variables | Unit | n | Con1) | AB1) | Type of EO bioactive compounds1) | SEM | p-value | |||||
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Thy-BC | Car-BC | Cin-BC | Men-BC | EOB 1 | EOB 2 | |||||||
Cecal microbes | ||||||||||||
Escherichia coli | Log CFU/g | 26 | 7.09a | 7.18a | 6.92ab | 6.91ab | 6.46b | 6.82ab | 6.54b | 6.95ab | 0.24 | <0.01 |
Lactobacillus | Log CFU/g | 30 | 7.08 | 7.21 | 7.35 | 7.16 | 7.32 | 7.13 | 7.34 | 7.82 | 0.35 | 0.501 |
Coliform | Log CFU/g | 21 | 5.49 | 5.8 | 5.32 | 5.54 | - | - | - | 5.73 | 0.21 | 0.559 |
Intestinal morphology | ||||||||||||
Villus height | um | 29 | 914 | 960 | 1,149 | 966 | - | - | 929 | 1143 | 81.21 | 0.234 |
Crypth depth | um | 29 | 171 | 174 | 192 | 166 | - | - | 155b | 180 | 14.13 | 0.153 |
Heigh/depth | um | 12 | 5.26 | 5.59 | - | 5.85 | - | - | 6.39 | 4.16 | 0.71 | 0.928 |
Serum metabolites | ||||||||||||
IgG | μg/mL | 13 | 10.98 | 10.63 | 20.77 | 11.11 | - | - | 13.14 | - | 3.26 | 0.202 |
Tryglicerides | mg/dL | 39 | 87.95 | 86.2 | 85.27 | 75.32 | 86.64 | - | 84.77 | 90.12 | 7.46 | 0.573 |
Cholesterol | mg/dL | 44 | 131.7 | 128.6 | 138.6 | 135.1 | 129.6 | - | 135.2 | 130.3 | 12.18 | 0.976 |
HDL | mg/dL | 18 | 75.02 | 80.39 | 83.09 | 81.62 | - | - | - | 78.18 | 5.94 | 0.434 |
LDL | mg/dL | 15 | 48.08a | 41.08b | 35.79bc | 39.49b | - | - | - | 43.9ab | 1.67 | <0.05 |
Glucose | mg/dL | 28 | 236 | 249 | 245 | - | 241 | - | 239 | 255 | 5.32 | 0.224 |
Albumin | mg/dL | 15 | 1.59b | 1.59b | 1.43b | - | 2.05a | - | 1.53b | 1.69b | 0.21 | 0.061 |
Protein | mg/dL | 25 | 4.01b | 3.92b | 4.05b | - | 5.36a | - | 3.97b | 4.29b | 0.41 | 0.059 |
Globulin | mg/dL | 12 | 1.72b | 1.77b | 2.07b | - | 2.84a | - | 1.81b | - | 0.16 | <0.05 |
EOs, essential oils; SEM, standard error of means; CFU, colony forming unit; IgG, immunoglobulin G; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.
1) Con, control; AB, Antibiotics; Thy-BC, thymol-based compound; Car-BC, carvacrol-based compound; Cin-BC; cinnamaldehyde-based compound; Men-BC, menthol-based compound; EOB 1, essential oils blend containing one of more of thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde compounds; EOB 2, essential oils blend based on terpenoids group (linalool, geraniol, thujanol, borneol, menthol, citronnillol, terpineol).